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Technological Development
Published in Edward Y. Uechi, Business Automation and Its Effect on the Labor Force, 2023
A wide range of sensors have been developed. A type of image sensor creates an image by processing the amount of light through numerous pixels that which in turn convert the light into electrical charges. The quality of the image is dependent on the format and resolution of the image sensor and other factors. A type of temperature sensor detects the amount of heat and converts the change in heat to reduce or increase the amount of resistance in the electronic circuit. A type of pressure sensor converts the amount of pressure applied to a diaphragm into a proportional amount of voltage. An accelerometer is a type of sensor that detects vibration or motion in an object and converts that kind of energy into an electrical signal. Other types of sensors include the ability to detect and measure whether an object has moved, the relative distance of an object to another object, the position of a valve or gate, the amount and rate of a flow of liquid, and the level of a gas or chemical.
Fundamentals of CMOS image sensors
Published in Jun Ohta, Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications, 2020
The dynamic range (DR) of an image sensor is defined as the ratio of the output signal range to the input signal range. DR is thus determined by two factors, the noise floor and the well charge capacity called ‘full well capacity’. In Fig. 2.35, DR is defined between the noise floor and the saturation level. The saturation level is determined by the full well capacity. It should be noted that optical DR and the output DR are defined as shown in Fig. 2.35. Most of the sensors have almost the same DR of around 70 dB, which is mainly determined by the well capacity of the PD. For some applications, such as in automobiles, this value of 70 dB is not sufficient and a DR of over 100 dB is required. Considerable efforts have been made to enhance the DR and these are described in Chapter 4.
Colorimetric Approaches Focused on Oxygen Quantification
Published in Khosla Ajit, Kim Dongsoo, Iniewski Krzysztof, Optical Imaging Devices, 2017
In parallel with this approach, the color image sensor is considered an alternative device to spectrometry because of its photometric detection capability (Yotter and Wilson, 2003). Over the last decade, the use of color image sensors for chemical quantification has been increasing very rapidly. These include color flatbed scanners (Lavigne et al., 1998; Taton et al., 2000; Rakow and Suslick, 2000) and digital color cameras (Jenison et al., 2001; Filippini et al., 2003; Abe et al., 2008; Martinez et al., 2008; Stich et al., 2009). Figure 2.1 shows the conceptual diagrams of the color-sensing and color emission devices utilizing thin-film color filter arrays composed of three primary colors (red, green, and blue). The photodetector array in the color image sensor records the incident photon intensity spectrally separated according to the three different colors of on-chip Bayer filters, as in Figure 2.2a. Since a wide variety of luminophores emit lights in the visible range, this device can serve as the analytical instrument for colorimetric chemical quantification.
A fresh look at computer vision for industrial quality control
Published in Quality Engineering, 2022
Bart De Ketelaere, Niels Wouters, Ioannis Kalfas, Remi Van Belleghem, Wouter Saeys
A CV system generally consists of four components, being illumination, camera system, computer hardware and software. In its classical form, a vision system tries to mimic human vision in terms of color sensitivity. To achieve this a light source is used to mimic natural light. Nowadays, most often this light source is a white LED lamp because it provides a rather flat intensity all over the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum (400 to 700 nm). A camera is then used to capture the scene of interest. Most cameras used in industry are silicon-based Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductors (CMOS), and can be panchromatic or color cameras. The panchromatic cameras integrate all light in their photosensitive region (400 nm to 1000 nm), which is broader than the visible region alone. Color cameras, in contrast, typically use a color filter array for arranging Red, Green and Blue (hence the name RGB) color filters on their digital image sensors. The digital image is then fed to a computer where it can be stored and (pre-)processed. The preprocessing stage mainly handles issues such as noise, non-uniform illumination, geometric distortion, improper focus, amongst others, and highlights regions and features that can be used for the actual processing task (Brosnan and Sun 2004).
Single event transient effects on 3T and 4T CMOS active pixel sensors for different technologies
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2019
M. A. Sukor, A. S. Hedzir, S. S. Sabri, N. F. Hasbullah
High-performance image sensors are compulsory for the space imaging mission such as satellites to capture an exact view of the real-time space phenomenon. Over the last few years, CMOS Active Pixel Sensors (APS) take precedence for high-performance image sensors as compared to Charge-coupled device (CCD) due to their good electro-optical performance, lower power consumption and tolerance to the space radiation environment (Bigas et al. 2006; Hopkinson 2000; Virmontois et al. 2012, 2017). Their compatibility with standard CMOS technology is another essential value as it allows them to be embedded on-chip (Hopkinson 2000; Pickel et al. 2003; Eid et al. 2001). CMOS APS integrates electrical function surrounding the array of pixel to dominate the advantages of CMOS technology, but it increases the vulnerability to radiation (Bigas et al. 2006).
Identification of defective weld and quality monitoring in manual metal arc welding process using surface level image features
Published in Welding International, 2022
Bipul Das, Aman Dwivedi, Mehdi Mehtab Mirad
A machine vision system cannot function without a clear image, so it is very important to guarantee a steady environment for the camera to capture the images. Digital cameras have an image sensor that is responsible for capturing the image, equivalent to a film on a traditional camera. The most used image sensor type in digital cameras is CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor). The captured images are very similar to a picture of the scene as seen by a human eye. The CMOS camera should have the following specifications, such as high resolution, low power consumption, improved colour concept, and low light sensor.