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Pervious Concrete Water Filter
Published in P. C. Thomas, Vishal John Mathai, Geevarghese Titus, Emerging Technologies for Sustainability, 2020
Jilna Geo, Keerthy Ashok, S. Sankar, Sminu Joy, Mini Mathew, Dila John
Water is a basic resource that guarantees the life of all living beings on Earth. Scarcity of pure water for drinking and other household purposes is a major issue now. About 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, of it 3% is only fresh water that is fit for human consumption. Around two- thirds of that is trapped in frozen glaciers and is unavailable for our use. The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Ayog), Government of India, released a report “Composite Water Management Index” in June 2018 and listed Delhi and other 21 cities in India which would run out of groundwater by 2020. Water scarcity in India is due to climate changes, pollution of water resources, wastage of water, urbanization, expanding populations, etc. Excessive use of groundwater for irrigation has also caused a strain in the resource. Water scarcity in India is expected to worsen as the overall population is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by 2050. Scarcity and pollution cause millions of people to have limited access to this much-needed asset. In order to obtain pure and safe water for drinking and other household purposes, water needs to be purified. The goal of water filtration process is to remove the existing contaminants in water.
The negative impact of subsidies on the adoption of drip irrigation in India: evidence from Madhya Pradesh
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2018
R. P. S. Malik, Mark Giordano, M. S. Rathore
As awareness of water scarcity in India has increased over the past few decades, there have been growing calls to use technologies such as drip to increase agricultural water-use efficiency. The use of drip irrigation in India began with initial testing at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in Coimbatore in 1970, and the area under drip had reached 55,000 ha by 1992 (Polak and Sivanapan, 1998). The technology was introduced on a commercial scale during the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992–97), and by 2003 the area reported under drip had grown tenfold, to 0.5 million ha (GOI, 2004). However, this figure was still only 2–5% (Raman, 2010; INCID, 1994) of the 27 million ha (GOI, 2004) of land officially estimated to be suitable for drip – far short of government expectations, especially given the many apparent benefits. In response to low adoption, a task force on micro-irrigation was set up by the government of India to determine how to further encourage drip use, and targets of 12 million ha under drip irrigation by 2012, and the entire drip-suitable area under drip by 2030, were set (GOI, 2004).