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Water Conservation
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
Water reuse, water reclamation, and recycled water are terms generally used for treated municipal wastewater that is given additional treatment and is distributed for specific, direct beneficial use. Water conservation can play a major role in water resource management and sustainable development. Recycled water can satisfy most water demands as long as it is adequately treated to ensure that water quality is appropriate for the end use. The concept of “fit for purpose” or the variable treatment of wastewater streams to meet the demands of specific reuse needs, rather than treating an entire waste flow to the strictest standards, is gaining interest. In addition to providing a dependable, locally controlled water supply, water recycling provides tremendous environmental benefits such as decreasing the diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems and using the recycled water to create or enhance wetlands and riparian habitats. Finally, surface water can provide an additional source of nutrients to the users of this reclaimed water, and can lessen the need to apply synthetic fertilizers throughout the community.
Water resources and demand
Published in Nick F. Gray, Water Science and Technology: An Introduction, 2017
Water conservation is a key element in managing water resources by ensuring water is not used in a wasteful manner. Water conservation can be classed as either behavioural, which involves a change in daily water use habits, or structural, which involves investment in the water-efficient technology (Figure 1.12), rainwater harvesting and the reuse of water (Table 1.8). For example, reusing the grey water collected from the shower, bath and washbasin to flush the toilet could save a third of household's water demand, equivalent to approximately 18,000 L per household per year. However, it is important that hygiene and public health is not compromised by the introduction of water conservation measures.
Urbanisation, water quality and water reuse
Published in Jonathan Lautze, Zebediah Phiri, Vladimir Smakhtin, Davison Saruchera, The Zambezi River Basin, 2017
Munir A. Hanjra, Pay Drechsel, Hillary M. Masundire
As ZAMCOM and other relevant actors (e.g., including national agencies) seek to foster socioeconomic development in the basin, this chapter offers the following recommendations: Put wastewater treatment for reuse on the table for basin-scale management. In keeping with increasingly integrated principles of basin-level management that consider the whole hydrological cycle, water reuse can play an important role. With an understanding that different types of use require different water qualities, ZAMCOM is well positioned to develop a reuse framework in support of the development of national reuse guidelines and data monitoring in view of SDG 6.3.Recognise the benefits of irrigated urban and peri-urban agriculture.Only if this sector moves from informal into formal agricultural planning and capacity development that the associated health hazards can be fully addressed.Consider inter-sectoral water needs and challenges. Understanding the degree to which water supply and sanitation capacities of the basin’s cities can absorb additional population growth without undermining other sectors in need of water will help guide sustainable growth and investment needs.Promote cleaner production approaches in urban water supply and sanitation to reduce waste generation. Water conservation, treatment and reuse strategies for various land uses must start from water-saving technologies, regulation, leak detection and repairs to wastewater treatment and safe reuse. Modelling results show that the application of cleaner production approaches could ease the production and treatment of wastewater.Monitor the degree to which regulations for water supply, treatment and reuse are adhered to. Benchmarking the compliance of local authorities with set targets and regulations across the basin can provide incentives for investment. ZAMCOM can play a key role in this effort.
Understanding household attitudes to water conservation in Saudi Arabia: towards sustainable communities
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2023
Abdulaziz I. Almulhim, Ismaila Rimi Abubakar
Water conservation has emerged as a crucial challenge for sustainable development in the face of increasing demand for water resources, rapid population growth, urbanization and climate change. Globally, the total amount of freshwater directly available is only 1/100th of 3% of total freshwater resources, well below total human needs (Gleick, 2003). Water scarcity, which affects about half of the world’s population, with 73% of them living in Asia (Burek et al., 2016), arises from water wastage, over-exploitation, inadequate water resource management, anthropogenic pollution, climate change, infrastructure shortages, conflicts, and the growth of populations, cities, and economic activities such as agriculture and industrialization (GCC-STAT, 2018; Oki & Quiocho, 2020). Therefore, a robust approach to water conservation involving water consumers is necessary to promote sustainable water resource management and address water scarcity, which endangers human survival and undermines socio-economic development.
Smart water management system for residential buildings in Saudi Arabia
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2022
Water is a vital resource for human life; therefore, it is essential to ensure its continuous supply and distribution. In Saudi Arabia conserving water is becoming increasingly important as the country has to cope with the problem of broadening the gap between increasing demands due to population growth and reducing water supplies as a result of climate change (Asaad et al. 2015). Water consumption patterns and behaviors in Saudi Arabia are highly diverse amongst households as a result of influencing factors such as climate, socio-demographics, water appliances, family composition, house size, personal and cultural practices (Kamis 2012; Russell and Fielding 2010; Juárez-Nájera et al. 2010; Arbués et al. 2003; Jorgensen et al. 2009; Corral-Verdugo and Frías-Armenta 2006; Gregory and Di Leo 2003; Corral-Verdugo et al. 2002; Syme et al. 1990). Water conservation means using less water, reducing water loss, and using alternate sources of water. Water conservation in houses goes well beyond flow-restricting taps and showers and optimizing toilet flushing. Today’s smart water systems combined the use of water-efficient appliances and technologies with smart management systems to achieve far better water utilization due to controlled wastage of available fresh water.
Performance evaluation of shell and tube heat exchanger through ANN and ANFIS model for dye recovery from textile effluents
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Shanthi Kunjuraman, Bhanumathi Velusamy
Wastewater from the textile industry leads to pollution of natural water bodies as it contains higher Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), complex chemicals, pH, temperature, inorganic salts, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, and salinity (Kim et al. 2016). Conventional methods for treatment of textile effluent involve physical, chemical, and biological methods (Fersi and Dhahbi 2008; Mirbolooki, Amirnezhad, and Pendashteh 2017). Water reuse was considered to be a suitable method for water conservation. Reuse of industrial water requires secondary treatment of effluent from textile plants. Inspite of the biological or chemical treatment, few toxic substances linger to the efferent (Bali, Çatalkaya, and Şengül 2004). Environmental regulations demand textile industries to incorporate advanced technologies to develop suitable cost-effective treatment approaches for recycling of water (Kocabas et al. 2009).