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Water
Published in P.K. Tewari, Advanced Water Technologies, 2020
Rainwater harvesting involves the collection and storage of rainwater and also other activities aimed at harvesting surface water and groundwater. It implies capturing rainwater during the monsoon, storing it in man-made reservoirs (tanks) or natural reservoirs (aquifers) and using it whenever required. It is also defined as the process of augmenting the natural infiltration of rainwater or surface runoff into the ground by artificial methods or by directly diverting runoff water into existing or disused wells or conserving rainwater by artificially storing and using it for different purposes. The choice and effectiveness of any particular method depends on local factors including the ultimate use of the water. Water can be harvested in situ in tanks, ponds, rooftops, hilltops and other traditional forms of collection. Storage in water aquifers like percolation tanks, check dams, barriers, injection wells, and so on is also possible.
C&G Unit 301: Understand the fundamental principles and requirements of environmental technology systems
Published in Trevor Linsley, Advanced Electrical Installation Work, 2019
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater for future use. Rainwater has in the past been used for drinking, water for livestock and water for irrigation. It is now also being used to provide water for car cleaning and garden irrigation in domestic and commercial buildings.
Rainwater Harvesting under a Warming Climate and Effects of Algae on Changes to Water Storage Levels
Published in Mark Anglin Harris, Confronting Global Climate Change, 2019
For semi-arid regions experiencing rapid population growth, Stump et al. (2012) stated that rainwater harvesting is becoming increasingly important. They found that roof-collected rainwater is the exclusive water source for many households worldwide. The roof as the default catchment is further confirmed by studies of models for optimizing rainwater for domestic use in regions of Taiwan. The researchers included major factors such as (1) the roof area in each rainfall zone, (2) the weighted percentage of rainwater used, and (3) the optimal storage capacity for desired rainwater supply reliability (Liaw and Chiang 2014b). Stump et al. (2012) pointed out that improper collection, storage or treatment of rainwater can result in adverse health effects, and cautioned that although water from roof-collected rainwater harvesting systems was generally within drinking water standards, regular testing should be encouraged to avoid potential health problems.
Conventional and makeshift rainwater harvesting in rural South Africa: exploring determinants for rainwater harvesting mode
Published in International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2023
Domestic RWH has gained worldwide importance as an alternative water source in the face of increasing water shortages and household water insecurity (HWI) (Haque et al., 2016; Helmreich & Horn, 2009; Musayev et al., 2018; Yannopoulos et al., 2019). Starting from the mid-20th century, RWH systems and techniques have been increasingly implemented in numerous countries around the globe as a strategy to reduce the dependence on surface waters and aquifers (Santos & de Farias, 2017; Yannopoulos et al., 2019). Where climate change will likely aggravate the pressure on freshwater resources, RWH can help reduce HWI even in arid regions (Musayev et al., 2018). The term ‘rainwater harvesting’ is defined as the concentration, collection, storage and use of rainwater runoff for both domestic and agricultural purposes (Gould & Nissen-Petersen, 1999). Domestic RWH refers to rainwater that is used for domestic purposes, garden-watering and small-scale agriculture (Kahinda et al., 2007).
Modelling and assessment of sustainable urban drainage systems in dense precarious settlements subject to flash floods
Published in LHB, 2022
Luma Gabriela Fonseca Alves, Carlos de Oliveira Galvão, Bervylly Lianne de Farias Santos, Eldson Fernandes de Oliveira, Demóstenes Andrade de Moraes
The implementation of SUDS throughout the Ramadinha catchment was analysed according to the specific characteristics of the urban space (configuration and urban components identified for the catchment) and the physical condition of the area (slope): (i) permeable pavements (PP): at locations with absent and irregular sidewalks, parking lots (including private areas with large paved surfaces for parking areas), and unpaved low traffic roads and areas where the slopes are less than 10% (County of Los Angeles, 2014); (ii) bioretention systems (BS): in green and open spaces (parks, squares and open spaces inside government institutions), empty spaces, vacant lots with the potential to be converted into social interaction spaces, pervious open private spaces inside residential and commercial lots, and areas where the slopes are less than 20% (Woods-Ballard et al., 2015); (iii) infiltration trenches (IT): on side roads and in areas where the slopes are less than 5% (Woods-Ballard et al., 2015); (iv) rainwater harvesting systems (RH): in all buildings (residential, commercial and institutional) with available open space within the catchment. A rainwater harvesting system with tanks with a total capacity of 200 L was assumed for simulation. Rainwater harvesting has the potential to reduce stormwater runoff and increase water supply for indoor usage (Aladenola & Adeboye, 2010) and has been widely used in the city, which faces water supply shortages during the frequent droughts in the region.
Rainwater harvesting in Jordan: potential water saving, optimal tank sizing and economic analysis
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2020
Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, land surfaces, road surfaces or rock catchments using simple techniques such as pots, tanks and cistern as well as more complex techniques such as underground check dams (Appan 1999; Prinz 1995; Guo and Guo 2018; Matos et al. 2013). Harvested rainwater is a renewable source of clean water that is ideal for domestic and landscape uses. Water harvesting systems provide flexible solutions that can effectively meet the needs of new and existing, as well as of small and large sites. The greater attraction of the rainwater harvesting system is the low cost as compared to other water supply systems, accessible and easily maintained at household level (Santos, Mariah, and Farias 2017; Abu-Zreig, Hazaymeh, and Shatanawi 2013). Harvesting rainwater has a long-term impact on local water resources by reducing demands for surface and groundwater withdrawals. Also, harvesting rainwater protects the integrity of local water resources by reducing nonpoint source pollution. Including rainwater harvesting in national water supply plans offers an alternative and sustainable water source while protecting the local environment.