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Mechanical and metallographic characterization of iron tie-rods in masonry buildings: An experimental study
Published in Koen Van Balen, Els Verstrynge, Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions: Anamnesis, Diagnosis, Therapy, Controls, 2016
C. Calderini, R. Vecchiattini, C. Battini, P. Piccardo
Concerning seismic loads, metallic tie-rods mainly reduce the seismic vulnerability related to the occurrence of out-of-plane mechanisms (Fig. 2a e 2b), but they may also improve the overall response of walls to in-plane mechanisms by connecting piers and spandrels (Fig. 2c). Despite the great efforts made in the last years to improve the structural models of masonry structures, and despite the relevant role played by tie-rods within them, only few works relates to these elements (Como et al. 1995;Abruzzese et al. 1996; Bianco 2012; Podestà & Scandolo 2012; Calderini & Lagomarsino
Earthquakes and Tie-Rods: Assessment, Design, and Ductility Issues
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
Stefano Podestà, Lorenzo Scandolo
In historical masonry buildings, good connection between the main structural components should be achieved in the construction phases through the application of the “rule of thumb” and not with external solutions (i.e., steel tie-rods). The use of these devices is not only due to the awareness that arches and vaults need devices to contrast horizontal forces but also to the will to achieve a box behavior, connecting the walls, mainly when masonry quality is very poor. The use of tie-rods assumes importance in moderate-to-high seismic areas. Simplifying the seismic behavior of masonry buildings, two damage mechanisms are usually identified: I-mode mechanism (local) that includes the out-of-plane motion of the simple or complex part of the structure and II-mode mechanism correlated to the in-plane response of the walls with shear or flexural response of the piers (Como 2016; D’Ayala and Speranza 2003; Griffith et al. 2003; Lourenço et al. 2011; Podestà 2012).
Application of Shape Memory Alloys in Historical Constructions
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
Donatello Cardone, Riccardo Angiuli, Giuseppe Gesualdi
Steel tie-rods are usually implemented at the end of the realization of the structure, before the application of permanent loads (e.g., filling material, cement screed, floor tiles, partitions, etc.) and live loads (occupancy loads, snow, traffic loads, etc.). In normal service conditions, therefore, the steel tie-rod is designed to absorb the increase of lateral thrust due to permanent and live loads. Obviously, some variations of the lateral thrust are expected during normal service conditions as a consequence of the variability of live loads between a minimum value (quasi-permanent load combination) and a maximum value (characteristic load combination). The safety of the structure against rare load conditions is guaranteed by the strain hardening behavior of Cu-based SMA.
3D Digital Survey of Iron Tie-Rods in Masonry Buildings: Cross-Sections Analysis and Error Estimation
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
Carlo Battini, Chiara Calderini, Rita Vecchiattini
Historic iron tie-rods are relevant structural elements in heritage masonry buildings. By providing a source of tensile strength to masonry structures, they inhibit the out-of-plane collapse mechanisms of walls produced by both the horizontal thrusts of arches and vaults and horizontal seismic actions. In particular, several past earthquakes showed the effectiveness of tie-rods in reducing seismic damage to masonry constructions. For this reason, the assessment of their structural effectiveness is a crucial task of the overall structural assessment of ancient masonry buildings.