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Probabilistic demand hazard assessment of RC bridges under seismic loading
Published in Joan-Ramon Casas, Dan M. Frangopol, Jose Turmo, Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability, 2022
A comparison between numeric and closed-form expressions to obtain exceedance demand rates was presented. Exceedance demand rates are obtained in a continuous RC bridge designed to accomplish with a drift performance level equal to 0.004. Uncertainties related with fabrication, constructive process and uncertainties associated with seismic events were considered. According to the fact that lifespan of bridges must be guaranteed up to 75 years (AASHTO, 2012); the serviceability limit state could be exceeded at 58 years. This does not imply that the structure is unable to resist seismic loadings, such exceedance means that the structure will begin to experience nonlinear behavior before reaching its lifespan. Due to the above, it is not suitable to use a design drift threshold equal to 0.004. Demand hazard curves allow to estimate the instant in which a certain level of damage could be reached. It is recommended to explore design drift threshold equal to 0.002 or 0.003 for this kind of bridge topology.
Introduction to Civil Engineering
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
Bridges are structures constructed to span physical spaces like a water body, road, or valley. They are mainly built for the function of providing a route over any hindrance. The design of bridges depends on various factors like the type of the ground where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the function of the bridge, the materials used for construction, and the funds available for construction. The longest bridge in the world is located in China and is the world famous Danyang Kunshan Grand Bridge shown in Figure 1.5. Spanning a length of 164,800 m, this high-speed rail bridge connects Beijing and Shanghai in China. This bridge was opened for public in 2010. Construction of bridges is a great challenge to the civil engineer. Bridges are of different types like arch bridges, cable-stayed bridges, box girder bridges, cantilever bridges, suspension bridges, truss bridges, and so on.
Key technology on improving the durability of long-span bridges
Published in Hiroshi Yokota, Dan M. Frangopol, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations, 2021
Since the 1990s, China has begun large-scale to build bridges spanning more than 200 meters. The bridge types include continuous beams, cable-stayed bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, etc. Moreover, concrete bridges, steel bridges, steel-concrete bridges, and concrete-filled steel tube bridges have been constructed.
Seismic fragility estimation considering field inspection of reinforced concrete girder bridges
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2023
Si-Qi Li, Hong-Bo Liu, Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi, Ke Du
The field reconnaissance group investigated the failure of the highway during the Wenchuan earthquake, which covered 29 cities (counties) in SC Province, four cities (counties) in SX Province, eight cities (counties) in GS Province, the highways in the isoseismal disaster areas, and the bridges of the national and provincial trunk lines. Over three months, the reconnaissance team investigated 937 geological disaster points along the highway, nearly 1500 subgrade investigation points, 2150 bridges, and 54 tunnels (Chen, Zhuang, & Zhao, 2012). The main bridge types in the seismic region were girder and arch bridges. The specific types of bridges investigated mainly include RC continuous or simply supported girder bridges, upper bearing RC arch bridges, masonry arch bridges, middle bearing RC arch bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and suspension bridges.
Numerical simulation and simplified model of vehicle-induced bridge deck fire in the full-open environment considering wind effect
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2021
Rujin Ma, Chuanjie Cui, Minglei Ma, Airong Chen
The plane size and the burning time of the fire have been defined in Table 3. Because of the open condition in height direction, the height of the flame also needs to be determined according to the numerical results and the material properties. For bridge structures, steel and concrete are two most common materials. For steel structures, the definitions in EC3 (ENV 1993-1-2, 1993) and EC4 (ENV 1993-1-2, 1994) indicate that the yield strength starts to decrease when the temperature beyond 400 °C and the elastic modulus starts to decrease when the temperature up to 200 °C. For concrete structures, the research carried out by Glasheen (2003) and Gustaferro and Martin (1988) indicates that the relative properties start to be changed and cracks begin to appear when the temperature up to 250 °C.
Flexible decision analysis procedures for optimizing the sustainability of ageing infrastructure under climate change
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2020
Yan Zhang, Luc E. Chouinard, Gabriel J. Power, Charli D. Tandja M., Josée Bastien
The decision-analysis process is modelled using a three-year cycle, which corresponds to the typical inspection cycle of bridges by the MTM. The investment options to the decision-maker are to make repairs early in the service life (in order to avoid larger and more expensive repairs when the state of deterioration is more advanced), or to delay the repairs – if, say, current interest rates are high or if there is much uncertainty about the rate of deterioration and climate change scenarios. In northern climates, bridges are generally designed for a service life between 50 and 100 years. However, most bridges show signs of early deterioration after only 20 to 30 years. In this study, simulations are performed over a period of 90 years spanning a historical period of 45 years and the next 45 years in order to capture the effects of climate change scenarios on the durability of existing, as well as of new, structures.