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Vectors
Published in Rob Whitehead, Structures by Design, 2019
Truss connections vary by material, intended structural performance, cost, and aesthetics. Trusses are typically made of steel or wood. Wood trusses require steel connectors, since tension connections in wood risk shear failure. Steel has considerably higher allowable stress capacities (fa) and stiffness (E), and because it can be spliced, welded, and connected together without loss of strength, it is the preferred choice for long spans. (Figures 4.0.24 and 4.0.25)
Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
Trusses are structures composed of straight and relatively slender members joined together in the form of triangles or other stable shapes. For purpose of analysis, truss members are assumed to be connected by frictionless pinned joints and the members are so arranged that loads and reactions exist only at the joints. These assumptions ensure that truss members carry only axial tension or compression forces.
Bars and Trusses
Published in Xiaolin Chen, Yijun Liu, Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench, 2018
This chapter introduces you to the simplest one-dimensional (1-D) structural element, namely the bar element, and the FEA of truss structures using such element. Trusses are commonly used in the design of buildings, bridges, and towers (Figure 2.1). They are triangulated frameworks composed of slender bars whose ends are connected through bolts, pins, rivets, and so on. Truss structures create large, open, and uninterrupted space, and offer lightweight and economical solutions to many engineering situations. If a truss, along with the applied load, lies in a single plane, it is called a planar truss. If it has members and joints extending into the three-dimensional (3-D) space, it is then a space truss.
Geometric and Material Nonlinear Analyses of Trusses Subjected to Thermomechanical Loads
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2023
M. Rezaiee-Pajand, Amir R. Masoodi, E. Arabi
Truss systems are usually deployed in many structural systems, including space structures, high-span bridges and bracing the skeleton of buildings.1 Since truss structures such as lattice towers, space stars and planar arches are mostly categorized in the group of slender structures, investigating the effects of large deformations on the buckling and post-buckling of these types of structure is significant. This effect can be studied accurately by performing a geometric nonlinear analysis of truss structures and employing an efficient numerical method to solve the governing nonlinear equations. It is obvious that fast algorithms can reduce the computational analysis of various structures. On the other hand, if material properties such as the elastic modulus change during the nonlinear analysis, the material nonlinearity should be taken into account accurately. This issue can be considered by employing three types of formulation for material behavior after reaching the yield point. These are categorized as isotropic, kinematic and mixed hardening. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the geometric and material nonlinearities to trace accurately the true equilibrium paths of different space truss structures.
Conservation of historic timber roof structures of Italian architectural heritage: diagnosis, assessment, and intervention
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Clara Bertolini Cestari, Tanja Marzi
The load-bearing capacity of the truss has been modeled assuming an optimal condition of every single timber element. Since the forces in each of its two main girders are essentially planar, the truss has been modeled as a two-dimensional plane frame. A truss is a structure comprising a triangular unit constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. External forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the timber elements which are either tensile or compressive forces. This means that torsional forces (moments) are excluded because, doing the calculations, all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes.
Dealing with Defects and Strengthening Historical Steel Bridges
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2023
Jakub Vůjtěch, Pavel Ryjáček, Jose C. Matos
Truss web members can be assembled in various ways. The Pratt truss and the Howe truss are the most basic types. In the Pratt truss web, the diagonals are in tension (sloped down towards the mid-span) and the verticals are compressed. Diagonal members of the Howe truss type, and also the internal forces, are arranged in the opposite way. Other types of arrangement are based on these two rudimentary types.