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Seismic retrofitting of historic earthen buildings
Published in Mariana R. Correia, Paulo B. Lourenço, Humberto Varum, Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture, 2015
Experimental testing on traditional techniques: Wooden tie beams and corner keys are two common techniques for improving the lateral stabilization of adobe walls. Tie beams connect two parallel walls, so each one helps the other, to avoid lateral overturning. Corner keys are timber assemblies, inserted in the corner of two perpendicular adobe walls, in order to maintain the connection, when the walls are subjected to lateral forces.
Experimental investigation of confined masonry infill walls
Published in Claudio Modena, F. da Porto, M.R. Valluzzi, Brick and Block Masonry, 2016
J.M. Leal G., J.J. Pérez Gavilán, J.H. Castorena G., J.I. Velázquez D.
In most cases infill walls consist on unreinforced masonry walls, because it is considered that there is no need for additional confinement as the frame provides it. Another reason for not using this system is the added cost of the confining elements and the difficulty of constructing the upper tie- beam that in theory should be in contact with the frame's beam.
Wind-Induced Vibration of Traditional Chinese Citygate Buildings in the Ming-Qing Dynasties – A Case Study of the Nanjing Drum Tower
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
Yidan Han, Qing Chun, Yiwei Hua
SAP2000 is used to perform the finite element (FE) analysis. The structural components of the drum tower are mainly columns, beams, purlins, and rafters, which are connected by mortise-tenon joints without any pegs. The mortise-tenon joint is able to bear certain bending moments and to absorb energy to improve the structural resistance to vibration. Five types of mortise-tenon joints (Figure 13) are mainly used in the building: clamped mortise-tenon joint (C joint), straight mortise-tenon joint (S joint), bun mortise-tenon joint (B joint), penetrated mortise-tenon joint (P joint), and half-penetrated mortise-tenon joint (H joint). The five-purlin beams and columns are connected by the C joint, while the floor beams and columns are connected by the H joint. The foot end of the short column is connected to the three- or five-purlin beam by the S joint and the head end of the short column is connected to the three-purlin beam by the B joint. The P joint is used for connecting columns and tie beams. Here, the tie beam refers to the beam connecting eave columns and inner columns.
The assessment of Italian trusses: survey methodology and typical pathologies
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Nicola Macchioni, Massimo Mannucci
From the structural point of view, the main advantage of roof trusses in respect to simple (common) rafter roofs is to eliminate the horizontal thrust at the feet of the rafters by introducing a tie-beam; in this way, the wall plates are no longer pushed outward, and so far, they do not require to be massive to resist the thrust (Yeomans 2016). This is especially true for traditional Italian buildings where the walls are made of bricks or stones and have low capacity to resist tension (lateral) forces. A further advantage is that trusses, if they are adequately connected to the wall plates via the tie beam, increase the building stability against cyclic forces in case of earthquakes, and, consequently, limit the risk of collapse (Alessandri and Mallardo 2012; Alessandri et al. 2012; Burdzik and Skorpen 2014).
Structural assessment of a lapped scarf joint applied to historical timber constructions in central Europe
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2018
Jiří Kunecký, Hana Hasníková, Michal Kloiber, Jaromír Milch, Václav Sebera, Jan Tippner
The ULS2 combination was important for the other two roof trusses with more sophisticated supporting systems of the collar beam, corresponding to the later architectural styles. The tie beams are highly stressed with tension, as they have to bear the load from the secondary trusses. The rafters and collar beam of the truss with the posts (see Figure 9c) bear significant compression and the posts are almost not loaded. To use them entirely, the alternative truss was modeled as illustrated in Figure 9d. The separated rafters are mortised into the wall plate and the tie beam is simply supported on the wall. The load is distributed evenly into more structural members and collar beam is not stressed excessively. The last case, see Figure 9e, experience rather even distribution of compression between common and compound rafters, which act as a frame together with the straining beam. Collar beam is preserved from the high stress also.