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Determination of metals in sludges
Published in T. R. Crompton, Determination of Metals and Anions in Soils, Sediments and Sludges, 2020
Segebade et al. [96] applied the photon activation analysis to determination of the distribution of lead, chromium, nickel and arsenic and 24 other elements in sewage farm soils. The technique was not subject to matrix interferences and was shown to be capable of determining several elements which are not amenable to analysis by neutron activation analysis. Chattopadhyay [90] also applied photon activation analysis to the determination of 34 metallic elements in sewage sludges. In this method [90] portions of sludge samples were placed in a rotating sample vial holder assembly and irradiated at a maximum bremsstrahlung energy of 15, 20, 22, 35 and 44 MeV using the University of Toronto 45 MeV electron linear accelerator. The length of irradiation varied between 2 min (for product half-lives less than 10 min) and 6 h (for product half-lives greater than 12 days). The maximum bremsstrahlung energies used for activation, activation products and their gamma ray energies along with the best time for counting and typical analysis of raw sewage are given in Table 6.44.
Land Application of Biosolids: A Prospective
Published in Eliot Epstein, LAND APPLICATION of SEWAGE SLUDGE and BIOSOLIDS, 2002
Jewell and Seabrook (1979) cited Gerhard (1909), who indicated that the earliest documented sewage farm or sewage irrigation system was in Bunzlau in 1531. In England, in 1859, a Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal recommended the application of town sewage to land as a means of avoiding river pollution (Webber and Hillard, 1974). Another early sewage farm was established in Edinburgh, Scotland around 1860. Major cholera epidemics in London in the mid-1800s that claimed more than 25,000 lives stimulated the treatment of sanitation facilities (Jewell and Seabrook, 1979). By 1876, 35 towns in Britain used land treatment. Large sewage farms were established in Paris, France (1869) and in Berlin, Germany (1874).
Tracers
Published in Werner Käss, Tracing Technique in Geohydrology, 2018
Thus, the receiving groundwater is also injected with uranine along with the seepage water from the sewage farms. It was proven in the Freiburg sewage farm, that uranine does not undergo decay in seepage water, which is heavily polluted with organics and rich in microorganisms (Fig. 128). On 21 August 1983, the inflow to the sewage farm contained 2.6 p.g/l uranine. In the central part of the sewage farm, the uranine content in the groundwater ranged between 0.2 and 0.3 µg/l. Some 1000 m downflow, where the groundwater already had drinking water quality again, 10 ng/l could still be well detected.
Management of urban waterways in Melbourne, Australia: 2 – integration and future directions
Published in Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 2022
Barry T Hart, Matt Francey, Chris Chesterfield, Dom Blackham, Neil McCarthy
In the mid to late 1800s, Melbourne expanded rapidly in area and population, largely due to investments that resulted from the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s and 1860s, that resulted in a lack of sewerage and stormwater services and the pollution of the Yarra and other rivers.1 Subsequently, in the latter stages of the 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of actions occurred that fundamentally shaped modern Melbourne, including the sewage farm at Werribee (now known as the Western Treatment Plant); the protection of the forested headwaters of the Yarra River for potable water supply; the development of parks and gardens in many suburbs as part of the ‘Garden Suburbs’ movement; and the reservation of an arc of green open space around the growing city with much of this along the Yarra River (Yarra MAC 2016).