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Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Bright zinc tarnishes in the air with the production of a thin oxide film, which is rapidly converted into basic zinc carbonate by the action of water and carbon dioxide. The patina then prevents further degradation of the surface. Ordinary zinc has a lighter blue-grey patina than the alloyed sheet, so the two materials should not be mixed within the same construction. The factory-produced patina is grey or black, but mineral pigments rolled into the surface and coated with a protective film produce subtle red, blue, green or brown pre-weathered finishes. The lifetime of zinc depends directly on the thickness. A 0.8 mm roof should last for 40 years in urban conditions, whereas the same sheet as cladding, washed clean by rain, could last for 60 years. The titanium alloy with considerably improved durability has a predicted life of up to 100 years in a rural environment depending on the pitch of the application.
Assessing the Co-Benefits of green-blue-grey infrastructure
Published in Alida Ivana Alves Beloqui, Combining Green-Blue-Grey Infrastructure for Flood Mitigation and Enhancement of Co-Benefits, 2020
Finally, the implementation of green roofs increases roofs longevity because the membrane is protected from weather conditions by the soil layer (Kosareo and Ries, 2007). A conventional roof has a lifespan of between 10 and 20 years (Kosareo and Ries, 2007;Claus and Rousseau, 2012). While the lifespan of green roofs is expected to be between 40 and 55 years (Carter and Keeler, 2008b;Rowe Bradley, 2011;Bianchini and Hewage, 2012;Claus and Rousseau, 2012). Values of re-roofing are established between 92 and 160 USD/m2 (Montalto et al., 2007;Bianchini and Hewage, 2012). In this work, an average value of 108 €/m2 applied every 20 years was considered as the investment avoided for roof retrofitting.
Present and Future PV Markets
Published in Peter F. Varadi, Wolfgang Palz, Michael Eckhart, Allan R. Hoffman, Paula Mints, Bill Rever, John Wohlgemuth, Frank P.H. Wouters, Sun Towards High Noon, 2017
China has a strong sun resource and a weak grid. Successful deployment of rooftop solar would require more and longer building ownership and currently, private ownership is new. Rooftops in China, similar to India, are not built to last 20 years. The average roof lifetime in industrialized nations is 30 years. Complicating the stimulation of a rooftop (primarily commercial) DG PV market is the fact that 80% of small businesses in China may not last 10 years. Finally, though home ownership is growing in China, the government owns 100% of the country’s land, meaning that the building may be owned, but the land is not. In this way, home ownership in China is analogous to a 20-year lease.
Life Cycle Analysis and Life Cycle Cost Analysis of green roofs in the Mediterranean climatic conditions
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Effrosyni Giama, Charilaos Papageorgiou, Ifigeneia Theodoridou, Agis M. Papadopoulos
Concerning the lifespan of both THR and EGR systems the basic scenario was based on relevant literature. The LCA study was implemented considering the life-time of about 15 years (Alcazar, Olivieri, and Neila 2016; Bathawati et al. 2015) but without any kind of maintenance or material replacement. A key paramameter of life duration in this kind of technologies is the maintenance stage of components. For instance, layers, like mastic asphalt, have almost 15 life duration until the first replacement, while lifetime of all others depends on several paramters such as thearea, type of building, climatic conditions etc. A significant parameter which can affect the life time of a green roof tecchnology are the weather conditions. So if the life time is expanded from 15 years to 45 but with materials replacement the environmental impact of the systems studied changes significantly. More specific, a life span of 15 years for the traditional roof was implemented without any kind of maintenance or renovation and the scenario of 45 years of life span for the EGR but with replacement of the materials used twice (Theodoridou, Papadopoulos, and Hegger 2011).
A new approach in the refurbishment of the office buildings – from standard to alternative nearly zero energy buildings
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2020
Stella Dimitriou, Ioanna Kyprianou, Costas N. Papanicolas, Despina Serghides
Addition of 10 cm of polystyrene insulation on the roof. The U-value of the roof, after the refurbishment is reduced to 0.37 W/m2 K, from 1.36 W/m2 K (almost 4 times lower). The polystyrene is placed externally on the roof. The cost for the installation is estimated at 30€/m2, adding up to 15.000€ for the whole roof area.7Green roof