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Evolution and Adoption of Microwave Claddings in Modern Engineering Applications
Published in Amit Bansal, Hitesh Vasudev, Advances in Microwave Processing for Engineering Materials, 2023
Dinesh Kumar, Rahul Yadav, Jashanpreet Singh
Coating/cladding of the hard facing material is the key answer to such type of degradation problem. Cladding is the process in which a surface of a component is covered or coated with another material. Surface changes improve the hardness of the material and raise the material’s resistance to wear and corrosion or erosion. The general techniques for the development of wear-resistant coats are thermal spraying, cold spraying, electroplating, sputtering, and laser claddings [1–3]. The produced coating has weak adherence with the base materials and poor resistance against pinpoint loading during thermal spraying. While the cladding produced by utilizing laser apparatus has much better strength and adherence due to metallurgical connection. However, the intensive point-heat source produces a heat distortion and significant residual stress in a laser clad. Moreover, the higher cooling rate in laser processing leads to flaws such as porosity and fractures in solidified coverings. Modern methods of processing like post-laser treatment, reheating of surfaces, and others can overcome laser cladding limitations and produce better mechanical and microstructures properties in a cheap way and at a higher processing speed. In the last few years, considerable work has been carried out in the area of microwave heating in order to develop wear-resistant reinforcement on metallic surfaces, which is discussed in the following.
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Published in Les Goring, Residential Surveying Matters and Building Terminology, 2023
Cladding:1) This term literally refers to the outer clothing of a built structure, which might be to do with the roof or the walls, but more specifically, nowadays, it is used to refer to the vertical surfaces, i.e., the walls. Traditionally, walls were occasionally partly-clad with hung-tiles, hung-slates, hung-shingles or horizontal (timber or uPVC) weatherboarding. However, on a large number of recently-built dwellings, the upper façades are being completely clad with horizontal, fibrous-cement weatherboarding. But this is probably being done because cladding is less expensive than face-brick façades, or, because such cladding suits the substrate position of the upgraded, thicker wall-panels of insulation.
Constructions and related matters relevant to environmental health
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
John Bryson, Stephen Battersby
The timber frame panels are rapidly erected on site and, with trussed rafters forming the roof, a weathertight building can be created in a matter of days. This enables work to continue in protected conditions within the building whilst the outer cladding and roof finishes are applied. Cladding is a matter of choice; it can be brick, stone or lightweight claddings, such as timber boarding, tile hanging or render.
E-Defense Shake-table Test of a Building Designed for Post-disaster Functionality
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Trevor Zhiqing Yeow, Koichi Kusunoki, Izumi Nakamura, Yo Hibino, Satoru Fukai, Walid Ahmad Safi
There are several advantages of utilizing the cladding elements to increase structural stiffness and strength compared to other alternatives such as increasing frame member sizes or adding structural wall elements. Firstly, increasing frame member sizes to satisfy the 0.33% drift requirement may not be feasible due to high material costs compared to using cladding elements which have to be present regardless of whether these are casted to be monolithic with the frame elements. While the cladding detailing discussed may increase structural construction cost compared to a bare frame structure, this can be offset somewhat due to not needing to install the cladding elements separately. Secondly, while structural wall elements may address the drift requirements, these tend to yield at lower drifts (similar to the issue of anchoring wing wall reinforcing as discussed previously) and thus may not satisfy the elastic behavior requirement under a severe earthquake event. Based on its advantages, casting cladding elements to be monolithic with frame elements with the detailing discussed could be a good solution to meet the stricter design performance objectives proposed.
Low-Damage Rocking Precast Concrete Cladding Panels: Design Approach and Experimental Validation
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Jitendra Bhatta, Rajesh P. Dhakal, Timothy J. Sullivan, Mark Lanyon
‘Non-structural’ elements are those secondary systems or components attached to the floors, roofs, and walls of a building or industrial facility that are not part of the main vertical or lateral load-resisting structural systems but are required to resist the effects of seismic actions (Villaverde 1997). Suspended ceilings, external cladding and glazing systems, internal partition walls, doors/windows, chimneys, parapets, sprinkler systems, and other building services fall into this category. These non-structural components cost much more than the structural systems for most types of buildings (Khakurel et al. 2020; Taghavi and Miranda 2003). Among the ‘non-structural’ elements, the cladding or façade system can cost up to 18% of the building’s initial cost (Lam and Gad 2002; Taghavi and Miranda 2003).
Serviceability of facade claddings
Published in Building Research & Information, 2018
A. J. Prieto, A. Silva, J. de Brito, J. M. Macias-Bernal
Physical (Sw) and functional (FBSL) indexes present coherent results for the claddings under analysis, i.e. a cladding that shows the highest degradation levels also reveals the lowest functionality level. The functional index (FBSL) and the degradation index (Sw) for the three types of claddings (ceramic, renderings and paintings) on 444 facades were correlated. The strongest relationship between these indexes was obtained for painted facades with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.83. The correlation obtained for the other claddings was lower, with R2 = 0.76 and 0.67 for ceramic claddings and rendered facades, respectively. The results obtained reveal that painted facades are the type of cladding in which the vulnerability and risks of the building are more relevant for the degradation of the wall surfaces. In the case of ceramic claddings and rendered facades, although there is a strong correlation between their functionality and physical degradation, there are other relevant factors for the deterioration of these types of cladding, namely the susceptibility to execution and design errors, in the case of ceramic claddings, and the type of mortar applied (among other factors), in the case of rendered facades.