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Roof coverings
Published in Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath, of Houses, 2021
Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath
In the recent past, where a flat roof has been used as an alternative to the pitched roof, its popularity has been mainly due to cheaper initial cost. In some large buildings, particularly with complicated plan forms, a flat roof may also be the logical solution. Architectural style has also had some influence. The most overt example of architectural style are the designs incorporating flat roofs inspired by the Modern Movement whose influence, while strongest in the 1920s and 1930s, lingered on until the 1960s. Most flat roofs in low-rise domestic construction are of timber construction.
Maintaining Commercial Roofs
Published in Ryan Cruzan, Manager’s Guide to Preventive Building Maintenance, 2020
BUR, MBR, and EPDM are membrane type roofs and are typically used on low slope or flat roofs. Any roof with a pitch of less than 2/12 (that is 2 inches of rise in height for every 12 inches measured horizontally) is considered to be a low slope roof. Some contractors consider anything under 3/12 pitch to be low slope. Any roof with a pitch less than one-quarter inch in twelve inches horizontally is considered a flat roof. No roof should ever be flatter than ¼ inch in 12 inches horizontally or standing water will be a problem. Even at a pitch of ¼” in 12, roof deck deflection and compression of insulation often causes low spots that collect standing water. Roofs flatter than this should have their pitch increased by installing tapered insulation board under the roof membrane when re-roofing. Tapered insulating boards are available that are tapered at a rate of 1/8 inch per foot or ¼ inch per foot. It is also a common practice to frame a new sloped roof over an existing flat roof as part of a re-roofing project.
Strategies for the refurbishment of heritage-listed post-war facades
Published in Paulo J.S. Cruz, Structures and Architecture: Bridging the Gap and Crossing Borders, 2019
Since the appearance of the external brick wall had to be retained, the option of internal insulation was discussed. However a survey of the existing fabric revealed that some of the machinery, plus fixings for flexible exhaust pipes, were attached to the interior wall. An internal insulation option was thus rejected. On account of the large amount of heat produced by the Technikum’s machinery, and given the staff’s largely manual work, a certain reduction in thermal comfort was deemed acceptable. Insulation was applied to the entire surface of the (non-visible) flat roof.
A feasibility study for PV installations in higher education institutions – a case study
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Sai Pujitha Karanam, Byungik Chang
It is assumed more economical if solar panels are installed on flat roofs than slope roofs. More panels can be installed on flat roofs and maintenance and installation costs can be less expensive than slanted roofs. Thus, the ratio of the number of flat roofs in Connecticut universities was investigated and the ratio was determined manually by counting the flat buildings from the university campus map and Google Earth. The flat roof ratio is defined as a ratio of total number of flat roofs over the total number of buildings. The average flat roof ratio in CT was found to be 0.551 (see Figure 15). The standard deviation of the data is 0.131 and the standard error is 0.041.