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Solid waste and landfill leachate
Published in Manish Kumar, Sanjeeb Mohapatra, Kishor Acharya, Contaminants of Emerging Concerns and Reigning Removal Technologies, 2022
Sasmita Chand, Bhubaneswar Pradhan, Sujata Chand, Sushanta Kumar Naik
Wastes generated from medicals by identifying, treating, or immunizing human beings or animals from health camps or from research activities are defined as biomedical wastes (Bio Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 [MoEF & CC, 2016c]). Wastes generated from electrical and electronic equipment during manufacturing, renovation, and repair processes are defined as electronic wastes (E Waste Management Rules, 2016 [MoEF & CC, 2016d]). Wastes from construction, remodeling, and demolition of building materials and any other civil structure are defined as demolition and construction wastes (Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 [MoEF & CC, 2016e]). Solid wastes generated from lead-acid batteries after use are defined as battery wastes (Batteries Management and Handling Rules, 2011 [MoEF, 2011]). Waste plastic products from plastic manufacturing and abandoned plastic are defined as plastic wastes (Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 [MoEF & CC, 2016f]).
Fused Deposition Modeling as a Secondary Recycling Process for the Preparation of Sustainable Structures
Published in Rupinder Singh, Ranvijay Kumar, Additive Manufacturing for Plastic Recycling, 2022
Jaspreet Singh, Kapil Chawla, Rupinder Singh
The repeated, long-chain, and stable polymeric structure of thermoplastics does not allow them to decompose in natural atmospheric conditions and thus causes environmental contamination along with various kinds of pollution (marine and terrestrial). Recycling of plastic waste becomes an essential and advantageous method to manage the waste and protect the environment from their harmful impacts. In this book chapter, the authors initially presented a comprehensive review on the various recycling techniques adopted by the various countries and concluded that mechanical recycling was observed to be the promising technique to process the polymeric wastes as high capital investment is required to establish plants for tertiary and quaternary recycling and does not make them feasible for industries, including the undeveloped countries. The polymeric waste processed through mechanical recycling has been successfully utilized in the form of filaments by various researchers for 3D printing and FDM applications with or without the reinforcements and thus giving a second life to waste plastics.
Nypa fruticans Fiber as Filler on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of PLA/rLDPE Biocomposites
Published in R. Jumaidin, S.M. Sapuan, H. Ismail, Biofiller-Reinforced Biodegradable Polymer Composites, 2020
Nowadays, plastic materials have become a part of daily usages in human life. Plastics have been chosen because they are inexpensive and have a wide range of properties, including lightweight, corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, strong, durable, electrical insulation, and ease of processing. The diversity of plastics and the versatility of their properties bring numerous societal benefits to use in making a vast array of products [1]. This projected growth is mainly due to increased demand for plastics from the public [2]. Environmental impacts of plastics cannot be overlooked but they are one of the most useful and important materials in this society. Most conventional plastics cannot be biodegraded, and their accumulation in the world was a threat to our planet [3]. Thus, due to environment and sustainability, evolving and manufacturing biodegradable plastics have become a trend to reduce plastic waste.
Non-emission hydrothermal low-temperature synthesis of carbon nanomaterials from poly (ethylene terephthalate) plastic waste for excellent supercapacitor applications
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Moses Kigozi, Gabriel N. Kasozi, Sachin Balaso Mohite, Sizwe Zamisa, Rajshekhar Karpoormath, John Baptist Kirabira, Emmanuel Tebandeke
The escalating demand for plastic products is causing plastic litter management challenges due to their single-use practices, poor recycling policies, and slow environmental degradation, affecting soil and water quality (8). There is an urgent need to address the challenge of plastic waste management to minimize plastic waste littering. The recent accumulation of plastic garbage and its detrimental effects on the environment and public health is becoming more visible. Unlike organic garbage, this strewn plastic can take hundreds to thousands of years to disintegrate in nature. The strewn plastic debris clogs drain shortens the lifespan of animals when consumed, contaminates water bodies when dumped into rivers, lakes, and oceans, and causes respiratory problems when burned. Oceans are amassing plastic in miles-wide spinning gyres. Plastic can break down into tiny particles known as microplastics that are nearly impossible to recover, disrupt food chains, and harm natural environments when exposed to UV light from the sun and other sources (9). Proper waste management can help reduce plastic waste, reduce environmental pollution effects, and enhance the recycling of new materials.
Effects of waste plastics as partial fine-aggregate replacement for reinforced low-carbon concrete pavements
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2022
Kiran Tota-Maharaj, Blessing Oluwaseun Adeleke, Ghassan Nounu
With the ever-growing need of the world to become more sustainable, waste products are being disfavoured more and more. Das, Alam, and Chowdhury (2019) state that plastic waste is a pertinent part of the complete amount of waste worldwide. At present, the general waste management practices and treatment of such waste streams are incineration, recycling, or landfills (wherein the unsustainable process of landfilling is performed). However, current recycling practice across the United Kingdom (UK) is not sustainable, and landfill is still the most commonly adopted method. Statistics show that about 51% are buried, 27% are incinerated, and only 22% are recycled for plastic waste (Saikia and de Brito 2012). Figure 1 illustrates data adapted from Geyer, Jambeck, and Law (2017), which shows that plastic waste that cannot be recycled is the most significant part of cumulative plastic waste generation across the world. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyolefins (PO) and Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMME) are the main sources of plastic waste, producing about 6.5 billion tonnes of plastic every year (Li, Ling, and Mo 2000). Figure 1 illustrates the primary, discarded, incinerated, and recycled global plastic waste generation in million metric tons between 1950–2050. 2015–2020 are projections based on current usage trends.
Evaluation on production trend, compositions, and impact of plastic waste in Chengdu, southwestern China
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Xue Zhao, Yi Yong, Cheng-Song Du, Wei-Guang Guo, Da-Peng Luo
The OECD (2022) reported that only 55 Mt of plastic waste was recycled, and 174 Mt and 67 Mt were landfilled and incinerated, respectively. Unexpectedly, almost 22 Mt of plastic waste were released into the aquatic environment (rivers, lakes, and oceans) through mismanagement. It is well-known that plastic needs over one hundred years to degrade in nature, and the impacts of plastic waste have drawn much public attention in the last few decades. For collected and treated plastic waste, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from incineration have aggravated global warming (Buendia et al. 2019; IPCC 2006). The OECD (2022) reported that the amount of GHGs from the plastics lifecycle in 2019 was estimated to be 1.8 billion tonnes (i.e. 3.4% of total emissions). Bisphenol A (BFA) leaching from landfills threatened the safety of groundwater (Xu et al. 2011), accumulated in sludge (Song et al., 2014), and entered the food chain (Liao and Kannan 2014). From leaked plastic waste, micro/nano-plastics formed from macro-plastics, was spread by airflow, streams, rivers, and finally gathered in lakes, reservoirs, and oceans. Research provides evidence that micro/nano-plastics has interfered with the activities of propagation and growth of aquatic flora and fauna (Cheung et al. 2018; Zong et al. 2021; Xia et al. 2022).