Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Flood and Building Damages
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Flood Handbook, 2022
Mousa Maleki, Saeid Eslamian, Firuza Begham Mustafa, Mohadeseh Madadi
The contamination may be physical (sediment), biological, or chemical, and the cleaning organization must indicate the type of contamination existing. It must be assumed that the floods are contaminated with a mixture of pollutants, possibly including sewage. Some contaminants – for example, gasoline or oil – are easily identifiable visually or by the presence of odors, but the other contaminants can be easily identified without chemical analysis. The presence of industrial, agricultural, or commercial processes upstream of the flood will help determine the risk of other contaminant hazards in floodwater. The source of floodwater should be identified because it will tell you what the contaminants are. In the event of problems with chemical contaminants or other industrial contaminants, floodwater samples should be collected using a clean sample bottle for chemical analysis.
Preventing Loss of Environmental Control in an Aseptic Processing Facility
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Contamination prevention starts with robust equipment, facility, and process design. The operation then must be executed each day in a meticulous way to ensure ongoing process control. Everyone must be committed to unremitting adherence to the standards of operation for cleanroom operations. If one or more influential operational variables are not carefully controlled, the hazard(s) introduced can culminate in distribution of a contaminated product. Consequently, there must be vigilance at all times when preparing cleanrooms for aseptic processing, as well as during the conduct of the actual manufacturing operation. Monitoring the conditions of processing provides further essential data to determine whether proper control is maintained throughout operations on a given day and also sustained over the longer term. Only when there is a relentless focus on a comprehensive prevention approach can there be assurance that a process is routinely capable of excluding microbiological contamination.
Product development in biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
GMP regulations promulgated by the U.S. FDA under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act has the force of law and require that manufacturers, processors, and packagers of drugs, medical devices, food, and blood take proactive steps to ensure that their products are safe, pure, and effective. GMP regulations require a quality approach to manufacturing, enabling companies to minimize or eliminate instances of contamination, mix-ups, and errors. This in turn protects the consumer from purchasing a product that is not effective or may even be dangerous. Failure of firms to comply with GMP regulations can result in very serious consequences, including recall, seizure, fines, and jail time. GMP regulations address issues including record keeping, personnel qualifications, sanitation, cleanliness, equipment verification, process validation, and complaint handling. Most GMP requirements are very general and open-ended, allowing each manufacturer to decide individually how best to implement the necessary controls. This provides much flexibility but also requires that the manufacturer interpret the requirements in a manner that makes sense for each individual business.
Separatrix-to-Wall Simulations of Impurity Transport with a Fully Three-Dimensional Wall in DIII-D
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2023
Shawn Zamperini, T. Abrams, J. H. Nichols, J. D. Elder, J. D. Duran, P. C. Stangeby, D. C. Donovan, D. L. Rudakov, A. Wingen, C. Crowe
The study of impurity transport in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of tokamaks is vital to ensure optimum core plasma performance because impurities sourced from the divertors and walls must transport through the SOL to reach the core. If too many impurities cross the separatrix, core plasma performance will degrade, leading to fuel dilution and eventually to radiative collapse. It is therefore imperative that current devices be used to establish an understanding of the transport of impurities throughout the SOL in order to minimize core contamination in pilot plants and reactors. SOL impurity transport can be summarized by the impurity chain: (1) sourcing, (2) SOL transport, and (3) core contamination. Sourcing of impurities is rather well understood due to widely available databases of sputtering yields1 and decades of experience with diagnostics that monitor the erosion of materials,2 most notably near the divertor targets. The basic consequences of core contamination are known, and estimates of the maximum concentration of various impurities with relation to attaining ignition in a fusion reactor have been made.3 The least understood part of the impurity chain is SOL transport, primarily due to the scarcity of readily available impurity measurements in the SOL.
Biofuels-related materials deterioration in biorefineries, transportation and internal combustion engines: a technical review
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2022
Navid Hosseinabadi, Navid R. Moheimani, Reza Javaherdashti
The regular polymers and viscoelastic polymers (Elastomers) are subject to corrosion in biofuels, which can result in physical property changes like structural transformations [70], mass gain, mass loss, dimensional changes [71] alongside dissimilarity in mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength and bending strength [72]. These changes are accompanied by chemical reaction at polymer surfaces and contamination of biofuels with plasticisers and other polymeric additives [73]. Overall, the durability and resistance of polymeric parts can be summarised as the high resistance of NBR and FKM Biofuels [72]. Polymers with additional UV protection layers have shown acceptable behaviour for Biofuel storage purposes [74]. The most compatibility was detected in NBR materials (as reported in Table 9) among the most common polymers for biofuels applications.
Demarcating antioxidant response against aluminum induced oxidative stress in Westiellopsis prolifica Janet 1941
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Biswajita Pradhan, Srimanta Patra, Sairendri Maharana, Chhandashree Behera, Soumya Ranjan Dash, Mrutyunjay Jena
Numerous investigations have been carried out to demonstrate the toxicity and antioxidant stress response of heavy metals such as Copper, Zinc and Cadmium on diverse microalgal and cyanobacterial strains (Schützendübel and Polle 2002; Kováčik and Dresler 2018; Puente-Sánchez et al. 2018; Priyadarshini et al. 2019; Saleem et al. 2020). However, a limited investigation on the adverse consequence of aluminum metal toxicity and their antioxidant responses on cyanobacteria has been carried out (Yee et al. 2004; Tan et al. 2015; Hamed et al. 2019; Pradhan, Patra, et al. 2020). In view of the present consequences caused by aluminum toxicity, the present study was deliberate to demonstrate the mechanistic overview in antioxidant response deployed by a cyanobacterial strain W. prolifica obtained from the aluminum metal contamination site, i.e., NALCO, Angul, Odisha, India. The outcome of the study will uncover a tactical defense coordination by the photosynthetic organism to sustain cellular viability under metal-contaminated sites. Moreover, the study will lay a foundation for developing stress responsive future generation crops with enhanced yield under adverse condition. In the ecological point of view, this study will benefit for identifying and structuring a novel pollutant indicator to assess level and extend of metal pollution and might be used as phytoremediation in the contamination areas.