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Energetic Valorization of Lignocellulosic and Industrial Wastes by Thermal Gasification
Published in Tatjana Stevanovic, Chemistry of Lignocellulosics: Current Trends, 2018
Paulo Brito, Octávio Alves, Luís Calado, Bruno Garcia, Eliseu Monteiro
Conventional processes adopted in the treatment of RDF include application as agriculture fertilizers, incineration/combustion with energy recovery and landfilling. Incineration is viable for reduction of mass and volume of wastes enabling them to be landfilled with a lesser occupation of space, and also destroys the pathogens and makes available the heat produced for energy generation. However, problems related with the toxicity of ashes, the unviability of implementation of small-scale plants (e.g., for rural areas) and the higher costs of flue gas decontamination due to the emissions of toxic compounds (e.g., fly ash with heavy metals, NO, SOx and HCl) have limited the use of this solution (Fytili 2008, Furness 2000, Wu 2014). Deposition in landfills as the last method in the hierarchy of waste management has created several issues to the environment due to the occupation of large areas and to the contamination of underground waters and food chains created by the polluted leachates over time (Han, 2016, Di Lonardo, 2016). The EU legislation, such as directive 1999/31/EC, has restricted the forwarding of wastes to the landfills and increased the costs associated with this operation, which forced waste operators to find new alternatives for the management of their wastes (Manara, 2012).
Recycling
Published in B. T. Åström, Manufacturing of Polymer Composites, 2018
Incineration may be used merely as a means to reduce the amount of waste that must go into landfills (volume reductions are up to 90 percent) or the waste may be burned for its calorific value (and, of course, also to eliminate the amount of waste). When the energy content is recovered one talks of quaternary recycling. Figure 7-7 illustrates that the calorific value of most unreinforced plastics is comparable to conventional fuels, suggesting that incineration of plastic waste clearly is not a waste of resources when pure oil and natural gas are burned for heating purposes (without an intermediate life as plastic). It is also noteworthy that the polymer content in MSW raises the calorific value to such a level (approximately 8.5 MJ/kg) that less or no fuel is needed to sustain incineration [16].
Regulatory Requirements and the Permitting Process
Published in William S. Rickman, CRC Handbook of Incineration of Hazardous Wastes, 2017
G. Scott Koken, Richard W. Raushenbush
Finally, the EPA has promulgated regulations identifying and regulating specific types of TSD facilities. Under RCRA, “incinerator” means “any enclosed device using controlled flame combustion that neither meets the criteria for classification as a boiler nor is listed as an industrial furnace”.52 Although owners and operators of boilers or industrial furnaces may choose to be regulated under EPA regulations specifically applicable to incinerators,53 such facilities will otherwise be subject to regulations governing facilities burning hazardous waste for energy recovery.54 Thus, it is important to determine whether a facility is an incinerator or either a boiler or industrial furnace. It is important to note that some states do not allow the energy recovery exemption.
Evaluation of high percentage of alternative aggregates for the production of hot mix asphalt surface layers
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Simone Raschia, Stefano Tattolo, Achille Rilievi
Due to the limited landfilling space in many highly populated countries, waste incineration has become a valid treatment process to overcome this issue (Jørgensen & Milanez, 2017; Yin et al., 2018). Recently, new companies actively specialised in the post-treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) bottom ashes to obtain a reusable material (end of waste product – EOW), which can be included in a new production line after specific processing (ageing, sieving and washing). The material obtained, formed by a silica matrix rich in iron, calcium and aluminum oxides, can be considered for production of cement or ceramic materials (Schabbach et al., 2011, 2012). In addition, some recent studies have evaluated the use of MSW fly ash as filler aggregate in the production of HMA materials. It was observed that MSW fly ash could be successfully included as filler in HMA after preliminary actions, especially addressed to reduce the presence of soluble salts. In this manner, the mechanical properties of the mixtures obtained are comparable to traditional mixtures (Romeo et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2022).
Leaching characteristics and hazard evaluation of bottom ash generated from common biomedical waste incinerators
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
A. Ramesh Kumar, Atul Narayan Vaidya, Ishan Singh, Kajal Ambekar, Suyog Gurjar, Archana Prajapati, Gajanan Sitaramji Kanade, Girivyankatesh Hippargi, Ganesh Kale, Sandeep Bodkhe
Incineration of waste offers some advantages that include mass (about 70%) and volume (about 90%) reduction besides possibility of energy recovery. Another major advantage of incineration of BMW is destruction of pathogenic organisms. However, incineration also produces highly toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins and furans (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorobenzenes (CBz) etc.[4,5] These POPs are generated during incineration and its formation is a complex process. POPs formation depends on the presence/formation of precursers and mettalic catalysts, temperature of incineration, carbon particle size and morphology, burning efficiency etc.[6–8] Mercury and other toxic metals in BMW incinerator residues orginate from feed waste, which is highly hetrogenious in nature. The residues left after the incineration process need to be disposed safely as it may contain toxic POPs as well as heavy metals, which may otherwise leachout into ground and surface water resources.[9,10]
Industrial tests of co-combustion of alternative fuel with hard coal in a stoker boiler
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Ryszard Wasielewski, Krzysztof Głód, Janusz Lasek
Emission standards for both fuel combustion and waste incineration/co-incineration are specified in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of March 1, 2018 on emission standards for certain types of installations, fuel combustion sources, and waste incineration or co-incineration facilities (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 680). The emission limits for co-incineration were determined using the mixing rule (Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of November 24, 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)). Emission standards for the combustion of hard coal for the tested WR 25 boiler power plant, based on the above regulation, only apply to three types of pollutants (SO2, NOX, and dust), whereas the scope of co-incineration of waste is much broader (additionally: CO, HCl and HF, TOC, heavy metals, and polychlorinated dioxins and furans).