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Waste and resource management
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
This system of waste collection is still often being sought to improve public health in developing countries where there are many risks associated with the poor management of waste. These dangers include: Contamination of water sources;Blockages in drainage channels; andThe open burning of waste, which generates air pollution emissions that are much more toxic than they were a century ago. Although the waste in developing countries is predominantly organic and therefore composting would be possible, often it is the lack of systems for separation that is the main barrier to more effective waste management.
Pyrolysis of waste tire rubber: a comparative kinetic study using different models
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Jan Nisar, Ghulam Ali, Afzal Shah, Zahoor Hussain Farooqi, Rafaqat Ali Khan, Munawar Iqbal, Muhammad Gul
The amount of tear and wear of used tires discharged into the ocean is estimated to be 5–10% of the total microplastic waste (Kole et al. 2017). This quantity is going to amplify with enhancement in demand of vehicles worldwide (Ouyang et al. 2019). Though the contribution of waste tire to the total world’s waste is less as compared to other stuffs including residual biomass (Nisar et al. 2019a), however, its nondegradable nature makes it a major threat to the environment (Singh et al. 2020). Waste tires when discarded, piled up in dump site for years to come and create a big disposal problem due to their nondestructible nature (Zabaniotou and Stavropoulos 2003). Moreover, open burning of waste tire results in emissions ofvarious toxic materials into the air which disturb the air quality and lead to numerous ailments in human beings (Shakya et al. 2008). Dumping of waste tires near human population are favorable sites for the reproduction of various types of mosquitoes especially dengue and some time results in health emergency in case of uncontrolled wide spread disease (González et al. 2020). Therefore, pyrolysis is the best option as the derived oil may be utilized directly or added to refined petroleum products and it is also an important source of refined chemicals (Karagoz et al. 2020). Moreover, the conversion of waste tire into oil have many socio-economic implications as the use of derived oil in engine will contribute to waste-management, conversion of waste to energy and protecting the already exhausted resources of fossil fuel (Karagöz, Ağbulut, and Sarıdemir 2020).
Open waste burning contrary to other air pollution-related perceptions and practices in Pokhara, Nepal
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Eunhwa Choi, Niranjan Shrestha, Tulsi Ram Bhandari
It should be widely recognized that the open burning of waste is a large source of air pollutants that can cause serious health effects. Given that the uncollected waste is eventually burnt in uncontrolled ways,7,10,11,36 it is estimated that approximately 10,950 tonnes per year−1 (i.e. 30 tonnes per day−1) was burnt in Pokhara. Air pollutant emissions by the open burning are estimated as PM2.5 173 tonnes, PM10 189 tonnes, SO2 4.97 tonnes, NOx 29.8 tonnes, VOC 42.5, CO 927 tonnes and CO2 17,540 tonnes per year. For estimating the mass of air pollutant emissions, emission factors for PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx and VOC (15.8 g kg−1, 17.2 g kg−1, 0.454 g kg−1, 2.72 g kg−1 and 3.88 g kg−1, respectively) were obtained from US EPA37 and emission factors for CO and CO2 (84.7 g kg−1 and 1,602 g kg−1, respectively) from on-field measurements in Nepal.38 If 77% OC and 2.6% EC of PM2.5 are emitted by open waste burning as proposed by a Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment,39 annual OC and EC emissions from open waste burning in Pokhara are estimated to be 132 tonnes and 4.45 tonnes, respectively. Even if only 5.8% of interviewees replied that trash burning is the main source of outdoor air pollution, some air pollutants emitted by open burning of uncollected waste might well exceed 5.8% of the total emissions of respective air pollutant.