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Phase Interactions in Aquatic Chemistry
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Black carbon particles produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass occur in atmospheric particulate matter, in soil, and in sediments. Such elemental carbon has an affinity for organic matter and is a significant sink for hydrophobic organic compounds in sediments.2 With increased incidences of forest fires and fires of other vegetation due to global warming and water runoff therefrom, it is likely that black carbon levels in sediments will increase.
Fixed Bed Combustion
Published in Kenneth M. Bryden, Kenneth W. Ragland, Song-Charng Kong, Combustion Engineering, 2022
Kenneth M. Bryden, Kenneth W. Ragland, Song-Charng Kong
Today, biomass cookstoves are receiving increasing attention in part due to their impact on the environment. Recent studies have found that black carbon or soot is the second largest cause of global warming, accounting for approximately 18% of global warming compared with 40% for carbon dioxide. Household use of biofuels has been estimated to account for approximately 18% of these black carbon emissions [Bond]. In addition, when black carbon settles on the snow and ice of the Arctic, Antarctic, and other snow- and glacier-filled areas, it reduces the reflectivity of the snow and ice and increases melting in these areas. Recent studies have estimated that black carbon is responsible for 50% of Arctic warming from 1890 to 2007 [Shindell].
Energy Markets’ Risks
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
Taking this into consideration, the global warming potential (GWP), which is a combination of CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions, and the energy balance of the system, need to be examined using a life cycle assessment. This takes into account the upstream processes which remain constant after CO2 sequestration, as well as the steps required for additional power generation. Black carbon–-a pollutant created by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass–-is the second largest contributor to global warming.
PM2.5 in Carlsbad Caverns National Park: Composition, sources, and visibility impacts
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Lillian E. Naimie, Amy P. Sullivan, K.B. Benedict, Anthony J. Prenni, B.C. Sive, Bret A. Schichtel, Emily V. Fischer, Ilana Pollack, Jeffrey Collett
O/G operations and associated traffic and infrastructure can lead to direct emission of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and of gaseous precursors that lead to secondary particle formation. Black carbon (BC) is emitted from incomplete combustion processes and is associated with O/G development and production, with emissions from flaring and diesel engine use (Bond et al. 2006; Khalek et al. 2015; Shen et al. 2021; Yanowitz, McCormick, and Graboski 2000). During flaring excess gas is burned and can yield significant emissions of NOx, BC, and methane (CH4) during incomplete combustion (Allen et al. 2016; Böttcher et al. 2021; Conrad and Johnson 2019; Weyant et al. 2016). BC is of particular interest because of its strong absorption of solar radiation, in addition to the general adverse health impacts of PM2.5 (Bond et al., 2013). Other organic aerosol species can also be emitted or formed by secondary processes/reactions producing secondary organic aerosol (Pandis and Seinfeld 2016).
Environmental sustainability of public transportation fleet replacement with electric buses in Houston, a megacity in the USA
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Hongbo Du, Raghava Rao Kommalapati
Methane is estimated to have a global warming potential of 28–36 times that of CO2 over 100 years (USEPA, n.d.b). Black carbon forms through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel, biofuel, and biomass, and it can cause human morbidity and premature mortality. Primary organic carbon refers specifically to the mass of carbon in particulate matter. Black carbon and primary organic carbon are two major organic species in the composition of PM. The life-cycle emissions of methane, black carbon, and primary organic carbon in 2020 are shown in Figure 4. Similar to the analysis of GHG emissions, electric buses would lead to fewer emissions of methane and black carbon than the conventional diesel buses, almost equal to or slightly lower than the diesel hybrid buses. The emission trend of primary organic carbon is similar to the life-cycle PM10 emissions for the three types of buses since primary organic carbon is mostly present in PM10 (Banoo et al. 2020).
Plume analysis from field evaluations of a portable air quality monitoring system
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Joseph P. Marto, Jie Zhang, James J. Schwab
In addition to its own pDR sensor, the near-road PAQM contained two optical filter-based black carbon sensors, a Magee AE33 Aethalometer (Aeth in figures) and a Brechtel Tricolor Absorption Photometer (hereafter TAP). Each of these instruments detects black carbon by measuring the absorption of light at various wavelengths through a suspension of particles collected on a filter. By quantifying additional light absorption over time with known airflow rates, wavelength-dependent absorption coefficients, and assumed particle densities; these instruments compute a mass loading rate for particulate matter absorbing light at specific wavelengths. The aethalometer measures absorption at 7 wavelengths of light, where absorption at 880 nm is assumed to be solely due to black carbon, and the TAP measures absorption at 3 wavelengths of light where absorption also at 640 nm was assumed to be black carbon. The TAP measurement was scaled down by 15% to correct the absorption coefficient to attain agreement with the aethalometer (see Liang et al. 2019)