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Introduction to Basic Toxicology
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Arsenic occurs naturally and ubiquitously in the Earth crust. It contaminates water in regions all over the world, including the United States. The WHO has called the arsenic contamination in Bangladesh “the largest mass poisoning of a population in history.” In European soils, the average concentration of arsenic is 7.0 mg/kg (Salminen, et al, 2005), and in US soils, it is 5.6 mg/kg (Gustavsson et al, 2001).
Plant Security
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Arsenic is an inorganic toxin that occurs naturally in soils. It can enter water supplies from many sources, including erosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards and runoff from glass and electronics production wastes; or leaching from products treated with arsenic, such as wood. Synthetic organic arsenic is also used in fertilizer. Arsenic toxicity primarily associated with inorganic arsenic ingestion has been linked to cancerous health effects, including cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidney, nasal passages, liver, and prostate. Arsenic ingestion has also been linked to noncancerous cardiovascular, pulmonary, immunological, and neurological, endocrine problems. According to USEPA’s Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Arsenic Rule, inorganic arsenic can exert toxic effects after acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) exposure. Toxicological data for acute exposure, which is typically given as an LD50 value (the dose that would be lethal to 50% of the test subjects in a given test), suggests that the LD50 of arsenic ranges 1–4 mg/kg of body weight. This dose would correspond to a lethal dose range of 70–280 mg for 50% of adults weighing 70 kg. At nonlethal, but high, acute doses, inorganic arsenic can cause gastroenterological effects, shock, neuritis (continuous pain), and vascular effects in humans. USEPA has set a maximum contaminant level goal of 0 for arsenic in drinking water; the current enforceable maximum contaminant level (MCL) is 0.050 mg/L. As of January 23, 2006, the enforceable MCL for arsenic will be 0.010 mg/L.
A new material could effectively treatment of arsenic-contaminated water
Published in Yong-Guan Zhu, Huaming Guo, Prosun Bhattacharya, Jochen Bundschuh, Arslan Ahmad, Ravi Naidu, Environmental Arsenic in a Changing World, 2019
Y.F. Li, X. Li, D. Wang, B. Li, Q.M. Zheng, L.J. Dong, G.F. Sun
Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid and ubiquitously distributed in the environment. People could exposure to arsenic via water, air and soil. On the global scale, drinking arsenic contaminated water is the most common way for people exposure to arsenic (Naujokas et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2016). It has been well known that long-term arsenic exposure could induce enormous health hazards. And therefore, developing technologies and materials that could treatment of arsenic-contaminated water could be the only effective option to minimize the health hazards. Up to now, technologies including oxidation, phytoremediation, coagulation-flocculation, adsorption and membrane have been used to remove arsenic from contaminated drinking water (Singh et al., 2015).A number of materials developed based on these technologies have also been reported. However, most of these materials could not achieve satisfactory arsenic removal results in field testing and their by-products could be further potential secondary arsenic pollution. The two drawbacks have become major limitations for these materials applied in practice. In this report, we describe a new material named as Mesopaper that can effectively remove arsenic from natural water and we hope it will give a new insight on the arsenic removal.
Investigation of the arsenic(V) retention performance of the nano-sorbent (M-TACA) synthesized by click chemistry
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Bilsen Tural, Erdal Ertaş, Servet Tural
The World Health Organization determined the maximum amount of arsenic in drinking water as 10 μg/L in 1993 based on the researcher conducted and declared that water containing arsenic above this value is toxic.[3] Arsenic is taken into the human body by drinking water and accumulates in the tissues over time. Arsenic disrupts the structure of enzymes and proteins in the body, renders them dysfunctional and even damages molecules such as DNA and RNA in long-term high uptake. The effects of exposure to arsenic include various skin lesions, neurological effects, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, diabetes, edema, gangrene, ulcers, skin and other types of cancer, miscarriage, stillbirth, premature births, weakness, emaciation, drowsiness, anemia, damage to the immune system.[2,4]
Evidences on As(III) and As(V) interaction with iron(III) oxides: Hematite and goethite
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Nicy Ajith, A. K. Satpati, A. K. Debnath, K. K. Swain
Arsenic, which is ubiquitous in nature, is found in the earth’s crust. The condition which causes arsenic to leach and contaminates the groundwater is the topic of interest for many researchers. Iron oxides, which are present in minerals and soils, played an important role in the mobility of arsenic by adsorption. Adsorption of sorbate in the liquid phase onto the surface of a solid sorbent occurs via a physical or chemical interaction. Since adsorption is a spontaneous mass transfer process, it is considered a superior and cost-effective method among all other contaminant removal methods from water. Nowadays, interest is on adsorptive removal using commonly available sorbents like sand, charcoal, zeolites and naturally occurring metal oxides/hydroxides.[1–8]
Effect of coexisting ions on adsorptive removal of arsenate by Mg-Fe-(CO3) LDH: multi-component adsorption and ANN-based multivariate modeling
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Manoj Kumar Yadav, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Partha Sarathi Ghosal, Abhijit Mukherjee
Arsenic is a ubiquitous toxic contaminant present in the groundwater affecting 200 million lives around the globe and is a well-established human carcinogen.[1,2] Arsenic encroaches on the water system from geogenic and anthropogenic activities.[3,4] The arsenic pollution in groundwater was reported in several countries, among them, Bangladesh and India are severely affected.[5–8] As per the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,[9] arsenic is among the top 20 highest priority harmful substances imposing severe toxicity on human health.[10] The acute toxicity of arsenic can cause detrimental effects on human health.[2,8,11–14] Considering the severity of arsenic toxicity, the World Health Organization (WHO) has imposed a strict standard of the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for arsenic in drinking water from 0.05 mg L−1 to 0.01 mg L−1.[8,14,15]