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Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Nanomaterial Analysis
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Francisco Laborda, Eduardo Bolea, Maria S. Jimenez
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is an atomic spectrometry technique that provides information for most elements in the periodic table (noble gases, H, N, O, F and C are excluded), with very low detection limits. Thus, ICP-MS is one of the techniques of choice for the analysis of inorganic engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). However, when considering the analytical chemistry related to nano-materials, it must bear in mind that the analyses are not just focused on the characterization of pristine nanomaterials, as those synthesized in the laboratory or manufactured by the industry, but also on samples containing such nanomaterials. Whereas the analysis of pristine nanomaterials involves their characterization at different levels (ISO TC 229 2012, Tantra 2016), when a nanomaterial is part of a sample, firstly the presence of the nanomaterial must be confirmed, followed by its characterization and/or quantification, which are hindered by the complexity of the sample matrix and the concentration of the nanomaterial itself (Baalousha & Lead 2015, Laborda et al. 2016a). These samples include industrial or consumer products (e.g., cosmetics, textiles, polymers, foods), as well as any kind of biological or environmental sample, such as those produced under laboratory conditions to assess the release, fate, behavior, and (eco)toxicity of nanomaterials, or collected from “real world” compartments related to the life cycle of nanomaterials (e.g., waters, soils, organisms, tissues, cells).
Analytical Tools Able to Detect ENP/NM/MNs in both Artificial and Natural Environmental Water Media
Published in Julián Blasco, Ilaria Corsi, Ecotoxicology of Nanoparticles in Aquatic Systems, 2019
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry or ICP-MS is an analytical technique used for elemental determinations. Nebulized liquids or laser-ablated solids are introduced into an argon plasma, consisting of electrons and positively charged argon ions. In the plasma, elements present in the sample are separated into individual atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions (anions are not detected by ICP-MS). The positive ion beam enters the mass analyzer where the ions are separated according to their mass/charge (m/z) ratio. ICP-MS in its most basic version has been applied to the determination of the total metal content directly in the aqueous sample or after acidic digestion. It allows simultaneous quantitative and confirmatory analysis of almost 100 metals in various matrices.
Gas Chromatography
Published in Grinberg Nelu, Rodriguez Sonia, Ewing’s Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Fourth Edition, 2019
Yuwen Wang, Mochammad Yuwono, Gunawan Indrayanto
The ICP ion source is similar to the unit of ICP atomic emission spectroscopy. The argon plasma is initiated by a Tesla coil spark and maintained by high radio-frequency (RF) energy, inductively coupled to the inside of the torch by an external coil wrapped around the torch system. The plasma is maintained at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of about 8000 K. ICP-MS is based on the ionization of the samples in plasma. From this plasma, the ions are transferred by two screens, called the skimmer and sampler, into the evacuated system of the MS. A diagram of the ICP ion source is shown in Figure 23.23 (Scott, 2001k). The ICP ion source has the advantages that the sample molecules are at atmospheric pressure, the degree of ionization is relatively uniform for all elements, and singly charged ions are the usually the main products. ICP-MS can be used for a wide range of elements and isotopes—only H, He, Ne, Ar, and F cannot be directly measured—and there is very little effect of matrix, water, and acids. By using GC-ICP-MS, a compound-independent calibration technique can be applied, so it is not necessary to run calibration for every compound; quantitation is based on elemental (not compound) response, and multielement, multilevel calibration can be generated from a single injection (Houk et al., 1980). It should be mentioned that by using ICP-MS, unlike EI and CI, the information on the chemical structure of the analyte is lost.
Lanthanide Intra-series Separation by a 1,10-Phenanthroline Derivative: Counterion Effect
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2020
Marie Simonnet, Shinichi Suzuki, Yuji Miyazaki, Tohru Kobayashi, Keiichi Yokoyama, Tsuyoshi Yaita
Extraction experiments were performed by mixing the organic phase (0.1 M OcTolPTA in chloroform) and the aqueous phase for 30 min, then centrifuging for 10 min. Organic phase was withdrawn for back-extraction in nitric acid 1 M. Only a small amount of lanthanides remained in the organic phase after the back-extraction, so we usually did not perform a second back-extraction. Both aqueous phases of the extraction and the back-extraction were then analyzed by ICP-MS with a 100-fold dilution by nitric acid 0.5 M. Mass balance was monitored by systematically measuring the initial metal concentrations in the aqueous phase and comparing it to the sum of that obtained in the aqueous phases. The difference was in most cases in the range 0–10%. When higher, the data were either discarded or the back-extraction was considered incomplete. ICP-MS being sensitive to even a small change of matrix, calibration solutions were adjusted by the addition of salt accordingly to their concentrations in the analyzed samples (usually some mM).
Evaluation of metal contamination and risk assessment to human health in a coal mine region of India: A case study of the North Karanpura coalfield
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
Babita Neogi, Ashwani Kumar Tiwari, Abhay Kumar Singh, D. D. Pathak
Mine water samples were collected at 14 locations in different mining areas of the North Karanpura coalfield during the pre-monsoon season (Figure 1). The mine water samples were collected from underground (mine sumps) and opencast (mine pit/settling pond) mines in pre-washed high-density polyethylene bottles. Samples were filtered through 0.45 µm filter paper using a Millipore filtration unit. Hundred milliliters of filtered water samples were acidified with ultrapure nitric acid and preserved separately at 4°C for trace metal analysis. Appropriate quality assurance procedures and precautions were carried out to ensure reliability, and samples were carefully handled to avoid contamination. Glassware was properly cleaned and analytical grade reagents were used. Milli-Q water was used throughout the study. Concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, and Zn in the mine water samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer, model ELAN DRCe). Reagent blank determinations were used to correct the instrument readings. The accuracy of the methods was checked using the NIST-1640a and 1643e certified water reference solutions of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA. A calibration blank and an independent calibration verification standard were analyzed every 10 samples to confirm the calibration status of the ICP-MS. Matrix interference (blank) was <1% for all elements. The precision obtained in most cases was better than 5% Relative Standard Deviation (RSD), with comparable accuracy.
Changes in the fractionation profile of Al, Ni, and Mo during bioleaching of spent hydroprocessing catalysts with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Ashish Pathak, Mark G. Healy, Liam Morrison
The spent hydroprocessing catalysts used in thist study, provided by a spent catalyst recycling company, were coated with carbon and were trilobular in the shape. They were dried at 105°C for 24 h, before being pulverized with a mortar and pestle. The spent catalysts were then digested with aqua regia (HCl + HNO3, 3:1) (trace metal-free grade, Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), and the digested liquid was filtered through Whatman No. 42 filter paper. The filtered, digested samples were transferred into trace metal-free centrifuge tubes (Labcon, Petaluma, CA, USA) and subjected to inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) (Perkin-Elmer ELAn DRC-e, USA) for the determination of Ni, Al, and Mo.[13-14] The ICP-MS was calibrated using standards of Ni, Al, and Mo prepared from commercial stock solution (LGC, Standards, UK) and the accuracy of the results was checked by the inclusion of method blanks, duplicate samples and quality control standards (Inorganic Ventures, Lakewood, NJ, USA).