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Nuclear and Hydro Power
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742% U-238) and uranium-235 (0.7204% U-235). All U-based isotopes are radioactive, and pose serious health danger. They can be deadly upon exposure, when improperly handled.
The Other Energy Markets
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742% U-238) and uranium-235 (0.7204% U-235). All U-based isotopes are radioactive, and pose serious health danger. They can be deadly upon exposure, when improperly handled.
Nuclear Waste Management
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
Radioactive isotopes emit energy as they decay to more stable elements. The energy is emitted in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, and gamma rays. The amount of energy that a particular radioactive isotope emits, the time frame over which it emits that energy, and the type of contact with humans all help determine the hazard it poses to the environment. The major categories of radioactive waste that exist are high-level waste (HLW), low-level waste (LLW), transuranic (TRU) waste, uranium mine and mill tailings, mixed wastes, and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs).
Refractive Index Measurements of Solid Hydrogen Isotopologues
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2023
Jiaqi Zhang, Akifumi Iwamoto, Keisuke Shigemori, Masanori Hara, Kohei Yamanoi
Isotopes are atoms of an element with different masses. Isotope effects are the variations of certain chemical and physical properties of an element and its constituent molecules based on mass differences. The isotope effects of hydrogen isotopologues are the most evident because of the large disparity in the relative mass.1 Isotope effects induce isotopologue fractionation, namely, the enrichment of the heavier and lighter isotopologues in different phases during a phase transition. For example, among the techniques of cryogenic distillation for hydrogen isotopologue separation, when the hydrogen isotopologue mixture evaporates, hydrogen becomes enriched in the vapor phase while tritium tends toward the liquid phase.1 Thus, it is important to monitor the isotopologue concentration of the liquid mixture in real time.2