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Renewable digital transformation and cybersecurity management
Published in Henry K. H. Wang, Renewable Energy Management in Emerging Economies, 2020
Advanced digital technologies have also shown that the world’s oceans have been absorbing more heat and are warming up at an accelerating pace. Ocean scientists, using the latest digital ocean temperature measurement robotic technologies, have shown that there has not been any hiatus in ocean temperature rises globally. The latest ocean temperature measurements have given much more precise estimates of ocean heating and temperature rises. More accurate ocean temperature results have been generated by a new fleet of advanced digital ocean monitoring robots called Argo. These digital robotic fleets have included nearly 4,000 floating robots which have been launched to drift throughout the world’s oceans globally. These Agro robots have dived, every few days, to a depth of 2,000 meters to measure the ocean’s temperature, pH and salinity, and collect other relevant ocean information. These Argo ocean robot measurements have helped to provide consistent and widespread data on ocean heat content since the mid-2000. The improved ocean measurements have help scientists to have better understanding of climate change on oceans plus to develop mitigation strategies (Princeton, Earth’s oceans, 2018).
Global Climate Change: Earth System Response
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Amanda Staudt, Nathan E. Hultman
The ocean, which represents the largest reservoir of heat in the climate system, has warmed by about 0.118°C (0.212°F), averaged over the layer extending from the surface down to 700 m, from 1955 to 2003 (Figure 6).[21] Approximately 84% of the total heating of Earth’s system (oceans, atmosphere, continents, and cryosphere) over the past 40 years has gone into warming the oceans. Recent studies have shown that the observed heat storage in the oceans is what would be expected by a human-enhanced greenhouse effect. Indeed, increased ocean heat content accounts for most of the planetary energy imbalance (i.e., when Earth absorbs more energy from the Sun than it emits back to space) simulated by climate models.[22]
Climatology: Moist Enthalpy and Long-Term Anomaly Trends
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Atmosphere and Climate, 2020
Souleymane Fall, Roger A. Pielke, Dev Niyogi, Gilbert L. Rochon
The significance of considering heat content for a broader understanding of the Earth system climate variability has been demonstrated by various studies. The assessment of warming rates at global and regional scales requires considering the variability of ocean, atmosphere, and cryosphere heat content.[25-27] In particular, ocean heat content varies in conjunction with the annual cycle of the Earth net radiation balance and has been found to be a major source of variability of the global heat balance.[23,25,27,28,38] The observed ocean heat content variations also appear to be correlated with simulated variations in greenhouse gases, sulfate aerosols, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols.[27]
Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report
Published in Journal of Operational Oceanography, 2018
Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith, Ananda Pascual, Pierre Brasseur, Katja Fennel, Samy Djavidnia, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Emmanuelle Autret, Lars Axell, Roland Aznar, Mario Benincasa, Abderahim Bentamy, Fredrik Boberg, Romain Bourdallé-Badie, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Vittorio E. Brando, Clément Bricaud, Lars-Anders Breivik, Robert J.W. Brewin, Arthur Capet, Adrien Ceschin, Stefania Ciliberti, Gianpiero Cossarini, Marta de Alfonso, Alvaro de Pascual Collar, Jos de Kloe, Julie Deshayes, Charles Desportes, Marie Drévillon, Yann Drillet, Riccardo Droghei, Clotilde Dubois, Owen Embury, Hélène Etienne, Claudia Fratianni, Jesús García Lafuente, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Riccardo Gerin, Simon Good, Jérome Gourrion, Marilaure Grégoire, Eric Greiner, Stéphanie Guinehut, Elodie Gutknecht, Fabrice Hernandez, Olga Hernandez, Jacob Høyer, Laura Jackson, Simon Jandt, Simon Josey, Mélanie Juza, John Kennedy, Zoi Kokkini, Gerasimos Korres, Mariliis Kõuts, Priidik Lagemaa, Thomas Lavergne, Bernard le Cann, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux-Dudon, Bruno Levier, Vidar Lien, Ilja Maljutenko, Fernando Manzano, Marta Marcos, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, Michael Mayer, Angelique Melet, Frédéric Mélin, Benoit Meyssignac, Maeva Monier, Malte Müller, Sandrine Mulet, Cristina Naranjo, Giulio Notarstefano, Aurélien Paulmier, Begoña Pérez Gomez, Irene Pérez Gonzalez, Elisaveta Peneva, Coralie Perruche, K. Andrew Peterson, Nadia Pinardi, Andrea Pisano, Silvia Pardo, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Roshin P. Raj, Urmas Raudsepp, Michaelis Ravdas, Rebecca Reid, Marie-Hélène Rio, Stefano Salon, Annette Samuelsen, Michela Sammartino, Simone Sammartino, Anne Britt Sandø, Rosalia Santoleri, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Simona Simoncelli, Cosimo Solidoro, Ad Stoffelen, Andrea Storto, Tanguy Szerkely, Susanne Tamm, Steffen Tietsche, Jonathan Tinker, Joaquín Tintore, Ana Trindade, Daphne van Zanten, Luc Vandenbulcke, Anton Verhoef, Nathalie Verbrugge, Lena Viktorsson, Karina von Schuckmann, Sarah L. Wakelin, Anna Zacharioudaki, Hao Zuo
As introduced in the last Ocean State Report (von Schuckmann et al. 2016b), we have obtained ocean heat content anomalies from integrated differences in measured or reanalysed temperature from climatology for the period 1993–2014, and along a vertical profile in the ocean from the surface down to 700 m depth. The calculations are based on a new and innovative approach – the so-called ‘multi-product approach’ (see introduction). We use a combination of ocean reanalyses and observation based products, and all products used are specified in the figure captions. Near-global mean ocean heat content (Figure 2.1.1(a)) shows a continuous increase over the period 1993–2016 at rate of 0.8 ± 0.1 W/m2 in the upper 700 m depth layer (see Table 2.1.1), which is slightly higher than the last IPCC estimate of 0.6 W/m2 (1993–2010).