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A Brief History of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Energy from Waste, 2022
Debra R. Reinhart, Aditi Podder, Stephanie C. Bolyard
Landfill gas is produced during the anaerobic decomposition of MSW. The type of waste responsible for the generation of gas is the biodegradable fraction. This fraction includes paper products, food waste, yard waste, textiles, and leather and typically accounts for ~40%–60% of the waste by weight [4]. The decomposition of these materials occurs via complex processes that are discussed in Section 4.3 and follow first-order kinetics. Landfill gas is primarily composed of CO2 (40%–60%, by volume) and CH4 (45%–60%, by volume), but also includes trace gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and non-methane organic compounds.
Entrepreneurial opportunities in the waste management sector in Hungary
Published in Zoltán Bartha, Tekla Szép, Katalin Lipták, Dóra Szendi, Entrepreneurship in the Raw Materials Sector, 2022
A.S. Gubik, Á. Horváth, M. Kis-Orloczki, K. Lipták
The advanced technological environment plays an important role in the development of the sector. The demand for state-of-the-art technologies is emerging at all levels of the waste pyramid, both within the sector and at the level of related industries. Due to the stricter environmental standards greater use of secondary raw materials (waste and by-products is desirable) in production processes (recycling). Sectors that sell and use secondary raw materials need to recognize the potential of industrial symbiosis, and the waste management sector, as a kind of accelerator, is involved in the process through efficient collection, sorting and preparation. Waste collection systems, sorting, cleaning, shredding, preparation for different wastes require different technologies. Using the appropriate technology is essential at the other levels of the waste pyramid too. During energy recovery, waste incineration plants produce combined heat and power (CHP) in most cases. The modern flue gas purification technologies and processes ensure that emissions from incinerators are below the strict EU limit values. At the level of disposal construction and operation of modern landfills is a basic condition. In some cases, landfill gas (biogas) generated in landfills can be used for heat and electricity generation. In general, the technology is available in all areas of domestic waste management, but it means a high entry barrier for start-ups.
Fossil Energy Sources
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Power Generation and the Environment, 2021
Landfill gas is a type of methane gas which, as the name suggests, is formed in landfills by the decomposition of organic matter. Landfill gas is already used in some areas, but its use could be greatly expanded. Landfill gas is a type of biogas, but biogas usually refers to gas produced from organic material that has not been mixed with other waste, so landfill gas has its own place.
Characterization and energy potential of domestic waste in a low-population developed region
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
In the case of landfills in regions in which separation is not performed at the source, the waste has a short lifetime and biogas is spontaneously produced. Specifically, landfill gas is produced from biodegradable wastes by anaerobic bacteria in anaerobic media (Achinas, Achinas, and Euverink 2017). Landfill gas and biogas have similar characteristics (Themelis and Ulloa 2007). Landfill sites are the third-largest source of human-induced methane emissions worldwide, accounting for approximately 13% or more of the global methane emissions (Zhang, He, and Shao 2008). Population growth and lifestyle advancements have led to a continuous increase in the amount of gas emissions (Visvanathan 2014). Thus, landfill gas management is a critical component of waste management. Moreover, electricity can be produced from landfill gas, as commonly performed in the energy conversion of domestic wastes. Such technologies can provide a pathway for the use of landfill gas as renewable energy.
Effects of alkaline and atmospheric plasma treatments on mechanical properties and CO2 emissions of flax/polypropylene composites
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Esen Özdoğan, Burcu Karaca Uğural, Aslı Demir, Adem Kurt
In general, the main factors that contribute to global warming potential (GWP) are (i) the landfill gas released to the atmosphere, especially methane and carbon dioxide, and (ii) the energy consumption calculated by taking into account the amount of CO2 equivalent released into the air during all production stages from raw materials to the final product and in energy production (Joshi et al., 2004). Textile industry is known with its high environmental impact, discharging significant amounts of industrial water, consuming high levels of energy, and emitting vast amounts of air pollutant. Chemicals that evaporate into the air become air pollutants. Therefore, especially conventional treatments with chemicals cause these kinds of harmful effects. It is of great significance to apply low chemical content processes such as atmospheric plasma treatment for surface modification (Jang et al., 2012; Kalia et al.; La Mantia & Morreale, 2011).
Moving beyond recycling: Examining steps for local government to integrate sustainable materials management
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Malak Anshassi, Beatriz Preuss, Timothy G. Townsend
Recycling promotes the avoidance of GHG emissions and energy use since recycled materials offset the need to use virgin feedstocks in product manufacturing (Farzadkia et al. 2021; US Environmental Protection Agency 2020a; Weitz et al. 2002). Referring to Figure 1, cardboard and mixed paper resulted in one of the largest net avoided end-of-life footprints. These materials have a large avoidance associated with their recycling environmental impact factor, a high recycling rate, and an environmental offset when combusted. Mixed plastic, however, has a low recycling rate (4%) and when combusted releases embodied carbon. Although combusting plastics adversely impacts the GHG emissions footprint, it is beneficial to the energy use footprint (the energy generated offsets the use of Florida’s fossil fuel-based energy sources)(Ryu 2010). Landfilling most biogenic carbon-containing materials typically results in an environmental benefit due to the capture and conversion of landfill gas to energy and the material’s carbon sequestration potential. But for food, the uncaptured methane outweighs those offsets and resulted in a GHG emission as seen in Figure 1.