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Advancements Towards Biomass Conversion for Sustainable Management of Solid Waste
Published in Prakash K. Sarangi, Latika Bhatia, Biotechnology for Waste Biomass Utilization, 2023
Akanksha Kulshreshtha, Soumya Sasmal, Minakshi Sahu, O. N. Tiwari
Solid waste management can be portrayed as a challenge or problem in society. With the applications of scientific principles, organic waste or biomass can be converted into a valuable energy resource. Anaerobic digestion is a biological approach for the generation of biogas and remnants can be used as biofertilizers. Anaerobic digestion is a four-step process in which various microorganisms are playing a significantly important role in biomass to biogas conversion. It is one of the most preferred, efficient, economical, clean, and green methods for biogas generation or solid waste treatment. A lot of opportunities and scope still lie for the development of active and more useful microbial consortia, pre-treatment methods, digester design, etc. To conclude, the implication of strict government policies for solid waste management, disposal, and generation of energy by organic waste will be a step forward towards the sustainable generation of fuel and energy and solves many future problems in society.
The Importance of Microbes in Organic Matter Composting
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Zimin Wei, Junqiu Wu, Xiaomeng Chen, Haishi Qi, Mingzi Shi, Yufeng Chen, Yue Zhao, Xu Zhang, Xinyu Xie
Composting is one of the most important ways to decrease organic waste pollution (Wu et al., 2020a). During composting, organic matter will be transformed into mature products which can fix heavy metal, adsorb organic contaminant, improve soil fertility and so on (Chen et al., 2019a; Cui et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2020). Meanwhile, compared with landfilling and burning for managing organic waste, composting has the advantages of high conversion efficiency and low risk of secondary pollution. However, it is the microorganisms to drive the composting process, any microenvironment unsuitable for microbial metabolism will lead to composting failure. For example, the intermediate products derived from incomplete transformation of organic matter are not conducive to seed germination (Cui et al., 2017). Meanwhile, soil organic matter will be further destroyed by the failure composting products in the process of soil application. Therefore, the important role of microorganism in composting process should not be ignored.
A Brief History of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Energy from Waste, 2022
Debra R. Reinhart, Aditi Podder, Stephanie C. Bolyard
MSW contains significant amounts of biodegradable waste including paper products, food waste, yard waste, textiles, and leather. Although plastics are organic, they typically are not biodegradable. Anaerobic conversion of organic wastes is a microbially mediated process where the biodegradable organic waste is decomposed in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas. The digested solids can be used as soil amendments after further processing. A series of metabolic reactions are involved in the process, which can be divided into four different stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. A separate group of microorganisms is responsible for carrying out each of the steps. Ultimately, the energy content of waste materials is transferred to CH4, which can be captured and used as a fuel source. The biological processes occur in a landfill, but can be better managed in anaerobic digestion reactors where they can also be controlled to produce other simple organics such as ethanol or methanol.
An evaluation of alternatives to energy recovery from municipal solid waste part 1: waste flow and energy potential
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Nam–Chol O, Won–Guk Kim, Yong–Il Jon, Yong-Hyok Ri
MSW generated in Pyongyang is estimated to be 580,000 Mg per year (Nam-Chol et al. 2018b), in which most of the MSW consists of coal ash (accounting for 64%), because many households in the municipality consume coal for heating and cooking (Table 1). As shown in Table 1, in addition to the coal ash the MSW consists of mixed organic waste, metals, paper, plastics, glass, textile, and others (wood and rubber). The MSW generated in the municipality is managed with four options: recycling & reuse, incineration, landfill, and composting. Most of the recyclable fractions are recycled or reused, in particular, in which source-separated all metals are recycled in factories or recycling facilities, while most of paper is directly fed to recycling facilities accounting for 96.3%. In the meantime, combustible fractions including plastics, textile, wood, and rubber are burned in incinerators without energy recovery, while some fractions except metals, wood, and rubber are simply landfilled on the landfill site. In addition, most of mixed organic waste is treated by composting to contribute to farming as compost.
An Extensive Review of the Configurations, Modeling, Storage Technologies, Design Parameters, Sizing Methodologies, Energy Management, System Control, and Sensitivity Analysis Aspects of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Pawan Kumar Kushwaha, Chayan Bhattacharjee
A biogas system is one of the most efficient methods of dealing with biological waste. The organic waste decomposes anaerobically in the digester, producing biogas and generating energy. Biogas and diesel are blended in an 80:20 ratio in stand-alone mode to power the diesel engine, which drives the connected alternator. Daily biogas production and alternator running hours determine the biogas system’s hourly power output. The biogas generator has output power is calculated using Eq. (13) [19, 58]. where CVBG and ηBG represent a calorific value of biogas (4700 kcal) and the overall conversion efficiency of the BG (27%), respectively. The annual energy production of a biogas system is given by Eq. (14).
A novel biomethane (BMP) and composting (CMP) potential framework for determining biogas and composting potential of urban organic waste
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Daniella Sarpong, Gordon Amankwaa, Marion Martienssen, Marko Burkhardt
Solid waste is defined differently in different countries. However, it is seen as garbage generated by industry, commerce, and municipal services [4]. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in a variety of locations, including residential areas, commercial areas, institutional settings, and municipal facilities [5]. MSW can be classified as organic or inorganic based on its content [6]. Organic garbage accounts for approximately 44% of all MSW produced globally [3]. And its output varies by 28% and 64% in high- and low-income countries, respectively [7]. Organic waste decomposition in the absence of oxygen generates carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases in landfills. As a result of these concerns, it is crucial to control and prevent methane and carbon dioxide emissions from landfills [8].