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End-of-Pipe Treatment Techniques
Published in Guttila Yugantha Jayasinghe, Shehani Sharadha Maheepala, Prabuddhi Chathurika Wijekoon, Green Productivity and Cleaner Production, 2020
Guttila Yugantha Jayasinghe, Shehani Sharadha Maheepala, Prabuddhi Chathurika Wijekoon
The end product “compost”, which results from the process of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes, is a nutrient-rich, dark, crumbly, and odor-free substance. Compost can be used for soil conditioning, lawn dressing, and mulching purposes, and as a potting soil component. As a result of using compost as a fertilizer, soil can be improved in the following ways: Greater resistance to stress conditions such as drought, disease, and toxicity Ability to support crops in enhanced uptake of plant nutrients Possession of an active nutrient cycling capacity due to the vigorous microbial activity
By-Product Utilization
Published in B. K. Bala, Agro-Product Processing Technology, 2020
The pile should generally be turned once per week. Steam that is evident as the pile is turned indicates that composting is taking place and heat is being generated. An internal temperature of 55°C or more will ensure that weed seeds, pathogens, and insect eggs are killed. Drier materials or water (as applicable) may also be added to maintain the proper moisture level in the pile. Finished compost is dark in color, crumbly, lightweight, and has an earthy odor. The origin of some materials may still be evident, but these will break down further as the compost is incorporated into the garden. Production of finished compost normally takes 4–24 months depending on the amount of attention given to the operation. Winter weather will stop or drastically slow down the composting process in a small pile. Kitchen wastes may be bagged, left outside, and added to the pile; this is preferable to continuously adding fresh materials to the compost, which can result in overfilling. During periods when grass growth is most rapid, some of the collected clippings can be bagged to avoid overfilling the compost unit. These may be added to the pile later on. Odors may also be produced as the excess nitrogen is converted to ammonia. Tree leaves may be bagged and stored for mixing, and these leaves will add air voids to the mixture. Their high carbon content will also offset the excess nitrogen.
Waste Product Profiles
Published in John T. Aquino, Waste Age/Recycling Times’, 2020
Compost, or “humus,” is produced from the carbon content of yard waste while water and carbon dioxide dissipate into the atmosphere. Using a number of different techniques (windrows, static piles, in-vessel), the yard waste composting process generates energy and heat to destroy weeds and plant and human pathogens. To maintain aerobic conditions, most yard waste composting techniques require turning the compost to provide oxygen for the composting organisms. Temperature control of 132 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit is necessary for a sufficient length of time to kill off pathogens. Moisture content of 40–60% is required because yard waste that is too wet or too dry composts slowly. Finally, an adequate carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio is needed. Nitrogen is essential to composting. Grass is high in nitrogen, with a C/N ratio of 20:1. As a result, it must be balanced with leaf waste, which is low in nitrogen with a C/N ratio of 60–80:1. Food wastes are also high in nitrogen, while brush trimmings are very low. The amount of time to produce compost varies from three to 18 months, depending on the process and amount of yard waste.
Swine slaughterhouse biowaste: an environmental sustainability assessment of composting, amended soil quality, and phytotoxicity
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Marina J. Batista-Barwinski, Giorgini A. Venturieri, Paul Richard M. Miller, Renan C. Testolin, Guilherme Niero, Cleder A. Somensi, Gizelle I. Almerindo, Rafael Ariente-Neto, Claudemir M. Radetski, Sylvie Cotelle
Swine slaughterhouses generate large amounts of soft and hard solid by-products, more or less biodegradable as bones, hematological materials, ligaments, tendons, viscera, and hooves. Brazilian agro-industries generate about 1 million tonnes of swine slaughterhouse waste annually, which is often processed into livestock feed, fertilizers, and pet foods, or completely discarded, depending on the quantity of by-products generated and local legislation [1–5]. The composting of swine slaughterhouse by-products adheres well to the concepts of a circular economy cycle because the compost is used for fertilizing soils used for growing the feed that is consumed by the swine, which after slaughtering, generate meat for human consumption and wastes that will be reused in producing compost again [6,7]. Besides the direct economic aspects, compost also improves the soil carbon content, decreases the rate of soil erosion, and increases carbon sequestration for mitigating climate change [5,8]. An important advantage of using compost to improve soil quality is that available nutrients are released slowly, as needed for plant growth [9,10].
Formulation and use of manufactured soils: A major use for organic and inorganic wastes
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
R. J. Haynes, Y.-F. Zhou, X. Weng
Other organic materials such as animal manures, biosolids, septic tank waste, grease trap waste, processed and unprocessed food wastes and spent coffee grounds have been co-composted with green wastes (Reyes-Torres et al., 2018). The co-composting of such wastes not only represents recycling of several wastes but can also be favorable to the composting process. For example, some wastes add a readily decomposable source of C (e.g. animal manures, septic tank waste, food wastes) (Belyaeva et al., 2012; Belyaeva & Haynes, 2010; Reyes-Torres et al., 2018; Zhang & Sun, 2017) thus promoting the thermophilic composting phase (Belyaeva & Haynes, 2010) while others will also add a significant amount of N (e.g. animal manures, biosolids) thus lowering the C:N ratio) and further promoting composting (Zhang & Sun, 2017). Where wastes such as biosolids are used, the load of heavy metals present in the biosolids and the final product need to be monitored carefully.
Maturity and stability assessment of composted tomato residues and chicken manure using a rotary drum bioreactor
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Mohamed A. Rashwan, Fahad Naser Alkoaik, Hesham Abdel-Razzak Saleh, Ronnel Blanqueza Fulleros, Mansour Nagy Ibrahim
The temperature of the mixture started to increase rapidly after the creation of composting conditions and reached 53°C on the first 2 days, and reached its maximum value (63°C) after 66 hours of operation due to the faster breakdown of the available organic matter (OM) and nitrogenous compounds through microbial reactions (Petric, Helic, and Avdic 2012). Starting at ambient temperature, the compost can reach 40°C – 60°C in less than two days depending on the composition and environmental conditions (Young, Rekha, and Arun 2005). Then, it continued over 53°C for more than two successive days (Figure 3). This high temperature is important during the composting process, as theoretically, they could help destroy many pathogenic micro-organisms, weed seeds and weed propagules, thereby reducing the risk to human, animal and plant health (Brinton and Droffher 1994). The cooling stage started when the compost temperature started to decrease below 55°C after 80 hours. At the end of the cooling stage, temperature fluctuations became limited and temperatures remained largely constant until the end of the experiment. This is the final stage of the composting process and is called the curing or maturation stage; it takes a long time to produce humus and stable organic end product.