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Biowaste Solid Materials Treatment
Published in Saleh S. Al Arni, Mahmoud M. Elwaheidi, Concise Handbook of Waste Treatment Technologies, 2020
Saleh S. Al Arni, Mahmoud M. Elwaheidi
The carbon to nitrogen ratio content of feedstock is an important factor in biological treatment. In fact, C and N are necessary for the microorganism’s metabolic activity. When the feedstock has more N content or C:N ratio is lower than 20:1, the organic waste will decompose very rapidly, and the process of treatment produces more ammonia gas that causes odor problems. Vice versa, when the C:N ratio is greater than 20:1, all the N will be used for the metabolic activity of microorganism, or there will be no enough nitrogen to the metabolic activity, therefore the composting process becomes slow. The range of C:N is between 25:1 and 35:1 [13] and the optimum value is about 30 to 1. When the carbon to nitrogen ratio is around the optimum value, the composting process will run more effectively [14].
Development in Energy Generation Technologies and Alternative Fuels for Agriculture
Published in Guangnan Chen, Advances in Agricultural Machinery and Technologies, 2018
Janusz Piechocki, Piotr Sołowiej, Maciej Neugebauer, Guangnan Chen
In addition to oxygen and water (the recommended moisture content of composted material is 60 to 70%), microorganisms use nitrogen to increase their mass, and they rely on carbon as a source of energy. The optimal carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) in a compost heap is 30:1 (with a tolerance limit of 25 to 35 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen). When the C:N ratio exceeds 35:1, the process is significantly slowed down and the composted material is partially decomposed, and when the C:N ratio falls below 20:1, nitrogen can be released into the atmosphere. Various substances are added to composted matter to maintain the optimal C:N ratio (urea or liquid manure) and substrate porosity (cereal straw) (Adhikari et al., 2008; Chang and Chen, 2010; Estevez et al., 2012).
Biological stabilisation of sludge
Published in Bhola R. Gurjar, Vinay Kumar Tyagi, Sludge Management, 2017
Bhola R. Gurjar, Vinay Kumar Tyagi
A carbon to nitrogen ratio ranges from 25:1 to 35:1 is considered best for composting. Low C/N ratios increase the nitrogen loss by volatilization as ammonia, which ultimately leads to loss of nutrient value and odor problem of ammonia. High C/N ratio causes to increasingly lengthier composting period. In some cases, bulking agents needs to be add into the sludge in order to improve the C/N ratio by providing the supplemental carbon.
Biogas potential determination and production optimisation through optimal substrate ratio feeding in co-digestion of water hyacinth, municipal solid waste and cow dung
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Tawanda Kunatsa, Lijun Zhang, Xiaohua Xia
Research on new types of substrates and co-digestion combinations in appropriate ratios has not been done adequately and this study seeks to make contribution to this gap by having this established so as to substantially increase biogas production. Of major importance is the carbon to nitrogen ratio. Different researchers reported different optimal ratio ranges in literature depending on substrate type and reaction conditions; 10–23 [21], 15–30 [22], 25–30 [23], 20–30 [24], 15.5–19 [25]. This entails the need of modelling and optimisation of the production process taking into consideration the substrates involved.