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Simple Categories of Inorganic Chemical Reactions
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Balancing means inserting integers, known as stoichiometric coefficients, in front of elements or compounds to ensure the same number of like atoms on both sides of the reaction. Balancing requires keeping track of every kind of atom, not molecule, that appears in the reaction. Compare atoms of a particular species on the left (reactant) side of the arrow with atoms of the same species on the right (product) side of the arrow. Use of fractional coefficients, such as ½ or 1/3, is permitted as a temporary way of balancing atoms, particularly hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Be sure to multiply each coefficient by 2 or 3, respectively, to eliminate the presence of fractional coefficients in the final reaction. Subscripts of atoms in compounds are fixed by nature and cannot be altered to achieve balancing.
Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
This is a stoichiometric equation, where stoichiometry is concerned with the relative quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction, and a stoichiometric equation shows the quantitative relationship between reactants and products. A proper stoichiometric equation must be balanced, that is, the number of atoms of any element must be the same on both sides of the equation in accordance with conservation of mass. Thus, in Equation 1.39, there are two atoms of oxygen and four atoms of hydrogen on either side. The number multiplying each species in the stoichiometric equation is the stoichiometric coefficient.
Microbial Biofilms and Biofilm Reactors
Published in Martin A. Hjortso, Joseph W. Roos, Cell Adhesion, 2018
Brent M. Peyton, William G. Characklis
The stoichiometry of a chemical reaction describes the exact amount of each reactant required to form a given quantity of each product. The overall reaction stoichiometry is a result of the energy reaction and the biomass synthesis reaction. Microbial stoichiometry permits all reactant or product concentrations to be calculated from measuring one reactant or product, given that initial concentrations of all components are known. This information is critical to the analysis of microbial processes. It has been shown that stoichiometric coefficients determined in suspended cultures can be applied to biofilm systems (64). In a well-defined system, Busch (78) determined the stoichiometry for the aerobic conversion of glucose to energy and biomass, and combined with an experimentally determined yield coefficient, the result of these two equations is the overall stoichiometry. Equation (23) represents the conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water and the amount of useful work that can be accomplished by the cell.
Unified Semi-Empirical Models for Predicting or Estimating the Heating Value of Coal and Related Properties – Theoretical Basis and Thermochemical Implications
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
Alchris Woo Go, Ramelito C. Agapay, Yi-Hsu Ju, Angelique T. Conag
Although HHV is now defined mathematically, there is a need to determine the amount of products produced during the combustion process for a given amount of coal. Unfortunately, there is no information available on the quantities of the combustion products. Instead, a relationship between the elemental components to that of the combustion products should first be established. It should also be noted that during the determination of the HHV, oxygen is provided in excess and that reactions are generally assumed to proceed to completion with all the elemental components being completely oxidized. From the reaction stoichiometry, the amounts of a given product could then be calculated based on the elemental composition. This allows the heats of formation of a product to be expressed in terms of its elemental component. For and , these are more direct as these are sole combustion products of , and , with the resulting expressions for heats of formation presented in Eqs. (14) and (15). The resulting coefficients are often associated with , because they have the same magnitude (or value). However, from the derivation it is clear that it is actually the heat of formation of the products expressed relative to that of its elemental reactant.
Removal of dimethyl sulphide via a bio-scrubber under anoxic conditions
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Rasha Khalid Sabri Mhemid, Kadir Alp, Mustafa Turker, Ilker Akmirza, Mohammed Salim Shihab
The energy required for the growth and maintenance from oxidation–reduction reactions can be obtained from microorganisms by oxidizing inorganic and organic materials [34]. The electron donor (food substrate for the organism) and the electron acceptor (oxygen) are playing an important role in oxidation–reduction reactions under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic or anoxic conditions, other electron acceptors in energy metabolism can be used by some microorganisms including NO3−, SO42− and CO2. In a chemical equation, the quantitative relationships between reactants and products can be defined as stoichiometry. In this study, the thermodynamic approach [35] was used to calculate the reaction stoichiometry and the biomass yield (YX/D) for biological DMS oxidation. The following stoichiometric equations were derived from the thermodynamic analysis presented in the appendix. When NO3− was used as an electron acceptor and as a nitrogen source for the biomass, the end products were as follows:
Multisubstrate specific flavin containing monooxygenase from Chlorella pyrenoidosa with potential application for phenolic wastewater remediation and biosensor application
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Stoichiometry helps determine the optimal ratio of reactants for a chemical reaction so that all reactants are fully used. An understanding of appropriate stoichiometry of phenol hydroxylase reaction will help determine the optimal ratio of phenol and co-substrate NADPH at which complete phenol concentration will be hydroxylated to its reaction product catechol. The appropriate stochiometry of phenol hydroxylase reaction was determined using various combination of initial concentration of phenol and NADPH [10].