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A. lumbricoides during co-digestion of urine diverting dehydrating toilet (UDDT-FS) Faeces
Published in Joy Nyawira Riungu, Off-Site Enhanced Biogas Production with Concomitant Pathogen Removal from Faecal Matter, 2021
As an innovative solution for enhancing sanitation in low income urban areas, urine diverting dehydrating toilets (UDDTs) can be offered on a pay-and-use basis in the form of serviced shared facilities. The UDDT principle involves separate collection of faeces and urine (Austin, 2001; Austin & Cloete, 2008; Niwagaba et al., 2009a; Sherpa et al., 2009). The above is the set-up of Sanergy, Kenya, a company working on sanitation improvement within Mukuru Kwa Njenga and Mukuru Kwa Reuben LIHDS, Kenya. After every use, sawdust is sprinkled on separated faeces mainly for odour and flies elimination (Austin & Cloete, 2008; Niwagaba et al., 2009a). However, addition of saw dust or ash is not sufficient to kill pathogens (Niwagaba et al., 2009a). Thus, an extra pathogen inactivation step is required after waste collection, especially when the faecal matter will be valorised for agricultural purposes. Some of the treatment options associated with source separated human waste include anaerobic digestion, composting, ash addition, chemical treatment and storage (Fagbohungbe et al., 2015; Larsen & Maurer, 2011; Niwagaba et al., 2009b; Rajagopal et al., 2013; Vinnerås, 2007).
Water and sanitation
Published in Hemanta Doloi, Ray Green, Sally Donovan, Planning, Housing and Infrastructure for Smart Villages, 2018
Hemanta Doloi, Ray Green, Sally Donovan
The human body is approximately 60 per cent water. It is used in digestion, absorption, circulation, creation of saliva, transportation of nutrients and maintenance of body temperature (US Geological Survey, 2016). Humans need to drink water every day so that all of these bodily functions can perform. Yet 663 million people do not have access to clean drinking water (United Nations, 2018) and at least 1.8 billion people use a source of drinking water that is faecally contaminated. Human waste contains many common bacterial infections and can spread other infectious diseases, leading to illness or in some cases deaths. The WHO estimates around 1000 children die every day from drinking contaminated water (United Nations, 2018). Faecal contamination of water can be prevented by sanitation facilities and wastewater treatment. Without sanitation facilities, human waste will also end up in soils, where it can accumulate in foods, and diseases contained in human waste can be spread by insects (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).
Human waste
Published in Viktor Pál, Social and Cultural Aspects of the Circular Economy, 2022
Human waste comes in different forms: human faeces and urine (i.e., the solid and liquid components of excreta), night soil (a mixture of faeces and urine), sewage (a mixture of water, excreta, and other household and sometimes industrial wastes), and sewage sludge (a solid or semi-solid mass gained from sewage through sedimentation) either in raw form (i.e., right after sedimentation before further transformations) or in digested form, also called biosolids (after transformation through anaerobic or aerobic bacteria). The simplest truth regarding human waste management is that “there is no option to not have significant volumes of excreta and/or wastewater sludge to manage. It exists” (UN-Habitat 2008: 49).
Responsible innovation as empowering ways of knowing
Published in Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2020
Govert Valkenburg, Annapurna Mamidipudi, Poonam Pandey, Wiebe E. Bijker
India has had a long history with biogas. One narrative trope firmly rooted in Indian collective memory is that of the history of biogas as going back to 1897. A biogas digester was created then that used human waste as a feedstock. In 1939, a digester was successfully constructed that produced biogas from manure (Abbasi, Tauseef, and Abbasi 2012). When discussing biogas, whether with individual interviewees or in workshop-like discussion settings, this history often surfaces. Given that huge amounts of rice straw and wheat straw are – arguably – currently left unutilized, the thought of making it into biogas and thus adding green energy to the national energy balance is never far away either. However, the technology to use rice straw as a feedstock is not mature enough for large-scale rollout.