China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nano-Finishing on Woolens
Published in Prashansa Sharma, Devsuni Singh, Vivek Dave, Fundamentals of Nano–Textile Science, 2023
Ajay Kumar, D.B. Shakyawar, Seiko Jose, Vinod Kadam, N. Shanmugam
Wool has an inherent flame resistance characteristic having a high LOI value of 25 compared to other fibers (Scott, 2005). Keeping this in view, most of the research work is associated to impart the flame-resistant property to fibers other than wool. Although wool fibers are the most preferred for making furnishing products like carpets, curtains, upholstery, it need to be more fire-retardant. Fire-retardant chemicals are mostly added to the textile product to suppress, reduce, and delay the combustion of materials (Samanta et al., 2017). Different chemicals and methods were used in developing fire-retardant wool, viz., titanium complexes, zirconium complexes, methylated phosphnamides, and so on. The major issues with these chemicals are a higher add-on, noticeable strength loss, stiffness, in addition to toxicity. They also need to be replaced with halogen-free fire-retardant formulations. The environment-friendly additives, viz., organic and inorganic nano composites based on silicon dioxide and clay materials, are more appropriate materials which are not only ecofriendly but also on applying with NPs resolve the issue of high add-on for desired functionality. Azlina et al. (2016) synthesized silicone dioxide (SiO2) nano structure with sol-gel method using tetra orthosilicate, tetra exthoxyislone as the precursor. The calcination temperature and time of ageing were found to be the factors deciding the size of NPs. The parameters optimized to 600°C temperature for 2 h. The size of NP was analyzed to be in the range of 79.68 to 87.35 nm respectively.
Reaction to fire performance
Published in Andrew Buchanan, Birgit Östman, Fire Safe Use of Wood in Buildings, 2023
To obtain a classification, building products and materials also need to pass a small-scale smoke toxicity test. The model box test described in ISO/TS 17431 is similar to a reduced-scale version (~ 40% in the linear dimension) of the ISO 9705 Room/Corner test but uses a 40 kW burner. It can be used as an alternative to the Cone Calorimeter to qualify materials as quasi non-combustible or fire-retardant. Wood products can be treated with fire retardants to achieve the fire-retardant classification (see Section 5.4).
Coating of lightweight wool fabric with nano clay for fire retardancy
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Seiko Jose, Nachimuthu Shanmugam, Sekhar Das, Ajay Kumar, Pintu Pandit
Wool is one of the preferred fibres in making of fire retardant upholstery, furnishing and clothing due to its inherent flame-resistant characteristics. Wool is having the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 25% compared with other conventional fibres such as cotton, viscose, polyester, nylon and acrylic which are having LOI in the range of 18.2–21.5 (Scott, 2005). Fire retardant chemicals can either be incorporated into polymers or applied on the surface of fibre (Bourbigot, 2008; Bourbigot et al., 2007). Fire retardant substances are generally added to a textile material to suppress, reduce and delay the combustion of materials. Attempts were made to develop fire retardant wool using various finishes: titanium complexes (Benisek, 1971), zirconium complexes, that is, Zirpro (Benisek, 1974a), methylolated phosphonomides (Hall & Shah, 1991), zirconium acetate (Forouharshad, Montazer, Moghadam, & Saligheh, 2011a) and zirconium oxychloride (Forouharshad, Montazer, Moghadam, & Saligheh, 2011b). Among various fire retardant processes, the most commonly used durable flame retardants are based on Benisek's Zirpro (IWS) system (Cheng et al., 2016). The Zirpro process is based upon the exhaustion of negatively charged complexes of zirconium or titanium on to positively charged wool fibres under acidic conditions at a temperature of 60 °C. Dyeing, moth proofing, water repellent and oil repellent finishes can also be carried out along with zirpro process (Benisek, 1974b). The major problems associated with fire retardancy of wool are higher chemical add-on, noticeable strength loss and an increase in fabric stiffness. Many industrial fire retardant formulations based on halogenated, phosphorus- and nitrogen-based inorganic compounds are available in the market (Formicola et al., 2009; Giudice & Benıtez, 2001). However, many of the halogen-based fire retardants are toxic because they liberate furans and dioxines on combustion and needs to be replaced with halogen-free fire retardant formulations. In addition to that, these formulations are not eco-friendly in nature.
Latest trends for structural steel protection by using intumescent fire protective coatings: a review
Published in Surface Engineering, 2020
Muhammad Yasir, Faiz Ahmad, Puteri Sri Melor Megat Yusoff, Sami Ullah, Maude Jimenez
Besides that, nitrocellulose, sodium silicate, water-soluble amino resins and nitrile-phenolic modified latex are among the popular additives used in fire retardant coatings. However, they have poor weatherability with acidic environment [80,81]. The next section will include the details of the currently used main binders.