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Regulation and Public Policy
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
The “best practicable means” or “good practice” approach is widely used for the development of emissions standards in the United States and other developed countries. The term practicable indicates economic, technical, and political practicality. The “best practicable means” in practice may be the degree of emission reduction achieved by the best industrial plants in a source category, or technology that can be reasonably applied by borrowing from other industries. Implicit in this approach is that emissions standards may become more stringent (at least for new sources) as control technology improves and becomes more affordable. “Best practicable means,” the traditional approach to air pollution control in Europe, would be equivalent to what is described in the United States as “reasonably available control technology” (RACT). Such requirements are generally applied to new or significantly modified existing sources under new source performance standards (NSPS), to be discussed later in this chapter, and to achieve air quality standards in some AQCRs.
Road-Traffic Emissions
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Fabian Heidegger, Regine Gerike, Wolfram Schmidt, Udo Becker, Jens Borken-Kleefeld
Road vehicles are certified according to exhaust emission standards. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) manages emission standards nationally. The European Union has its own set of emission standards, which all new vehicles must meet: The latest Euro 6 targets passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, and motorcycles, and the Euro VI is for large goods vehicles and coaches (DIRECTIVE 2007/46/EC 2007), (REGULATION No 715/2007/EC 2007). Many Asian countries adopted these European emission standards; however, since the specified driving cycles, e.g., the WLTC (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle), do not adequately represent real driving performance, the official limit values for air pollutants1 and greenhouse gases (CO2) are below actual driving emissions (although the vehicles fulfill the requirements of the test) (Hooftman et al. 2018). Therefore, the official exhaust thresholds cannot be used for a true and reliable emission calculation. In recent years, the topic of air pollution has received remarkable attention from the public, as well as from environmental and consumer organizations. Legal actions have been enforced upon vehicle manufacturers (e.g., Volkswagen, Daimler, Fiat, and Chrysler) for emission frauds (i.e., not complying with the limit thresholds of their vehicles) and upon cities and governments due to noncompliance with air quality standards.
Introduction to Environmental Economics
Published in Toolseeram Ramjeawon, Introduction to Sustainability for Engineers, 2020
Environmental regulations in most countries have traditionally relied on command-and-control policies where standards or limits are set by governments and which are applied uniformly to a broad category of sources. We distinguish between the following three types of command-and-control mechanisms: ambient, emissions, or technology standards. An ambient standard sets the amount of a pollutant that can be present within a specific environment. Emission standards seek to limit the amount of emissions released by a firm, industry, or area. Finally, a technology-based standard can be implemented, which will force polluters to use a particular pollution control technology that they deem reasonably cost-effective, such as installing scrubbers on smokestacks.
Study on obtaining high performance diesel/biodiesel fuel by using heterogeneous catalysts
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2019
Liming Sun, Mengmeng Li, Xiaoou Ma, Zhenyuan Ma, Changfeng Ma, Ping Li
Demand for sustainable, environment benign fuels has grown steadily due to concerns about the depleting fossil energy reserves and the unfavorable impact of petroleum-based fuels on the environment. In response to these demands, the Chinese government has promulgated a series of laws and regulations to stimulate the transformation of traditional energy sources and the development of alternative energy sources. Taking the new Environmental Protection Law as an example, it clearly defines the emission standards for various pollutants and the specifications will be more stringent in the immediate future. In addition, China is vigorously promoting the upgrading of diesel quality. Low sulfur diesel (LSD) is currently commercialized and coincident with this, there is an increasing incidence of fuel injection pump failures (Arkoudeas, Zannikos, and Lois 2008). Experiments have shown that fuel pump failure is mainly caused by the insufficient lubrication of highly refined diesel. Previous studies show that diesel lubrication is mainly provided by trace amounts of naturally occurring polar compounds that form a protective film over metal surfaces. Sulfur compounds do not provide wear protection themselves, however, the heterocyclic aromatics and nitrogen/oxygen compounds are major contributors to the natural diesel lubricity. Some of these natural lubricating components are likewise destroyed during the hydrodesulfurization of diesel oil which actually give rise to a marked deterioration in the lubricity of low-sulfur diesel (Stamper, Morris, and Montgomery 2012; Agarwal, Chhibber, and Bhatnagar 2013). Therefore, the production of high quality diesel/biodiesel with good lubricating property is necessary. Research on alkyl esters should be a sensible strategy.
Can environmental regulations facilitate total-factor efficiencies in OECD countries? Energy-saving target VS emission-reduction target
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Yun Wang, Yan Dong, Xiaohua Sun
First, the firms can reduce production to meet the pollutant emission limits. The emission standards in OECD countries are set on the amount of pollution such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and microparticles (Field and Field 2005). The firms that discharge excessive pollution will be fined or even forced to shut down. So the implementation of emission limit standards can control the pollution emissions of industrial sectors within a range promptly. But the emission-reduction target is achieved at the expense of economic growth in this situation.
Firms' preferences for retailing formats considering one manufacturer's emission reduction investment
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
The supply chain we studied includes an e-tailer (e) and a manufacturer (m), where the e-tailer offers two retailing formats: marketplace mode and reseller mode. With the implementation of the cap-and-trade regulation, an increasing number of manufacturers are investing in reducing emissions to meet emissions standards. How the regulation and the manufacturer's ERI affect the supply chain members' preferences for retailing formats is our focus. In the following, we refer to the e-tailer as ‘he’ and the manufacturer as ‘she’.