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Environmental Laws and Compliance
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
The basic framework of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, passed by Congress over President Nixon’s veto in 1972, remains today as a part of the modern CWA. Effluent limitation guidelines, water quality requirements, and the permit program are continually enforced. The goals of the CWA are to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into surface waters and to achieve water quality that “provides for the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish and wildlife,” and “for recreation in and on the water.”10 The Act also incorporates the prohibition of the “discharge of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts.”
The political economy of coordinating water, sanitation and hygiene management policies and programmes for Nigeria
Published in Water International, 2021
Emmanuel M. Akpabio, John S. Rowan
Nigeria’s WaSH sector policies are shaped by several interrelated factors associated with the colonial experiences, international norms and peer review, external funding and related supports and local politics associated with inter-agency competition, among others. Independence and post-independence legal provisions, wordings and texts, in most cases, draw on the colonial legal texts, wordings and provisions, and hardly deepen and widen the scope and contents to address previous gaps and improve on WaSH systems management. The Waterworks Act of 1915, the Public Health Act of 1917, the Oil in Navigable Act of 1968, the National Guidelines and Standard for Environmental Pollution Control of 1991 and the National Effluent Limitation Regulation of 1991 are not significantly different in content and scope. Common wordings revolve around ‘protecting watercourses’ and ‘prevent the discharge of noxious substances.’ The ‘how to protect’ and ‘commensurate sanctions for breach’ questions are hardly addressed especially in the context of expanding urbanization and industrial activities. The urban/rural dichotomy in the provision of public health infrastructures (the Public Health Act of 1917) including public drinking water is still a common post-colonial legislative practice. Until the launch of the NRWSP in 2000, there existed no specific policies addressing rural drinking water and sanitation services. The colonial Public Health Act of 1917 has formed the dominant single piece of legislation till date despite its acutely limited depth and less comprehensive scope. Most public officials could not discuss WaSH-public health matters without reference to it.