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Fundamental Aspects
Published in Bruno Langlais, David A. Reckhow, Deborah R. Brink, Ozone in Water Treatment, 2019
Guy Bablon, William D. Bellamy, Marie-Marguerite Bourbigot, F. Bernard Daniel, Marcel Doré, Françoise Erb, Gilbert Gordon, Bruno Langlais, Alain Laplanche, Bernard Legube, Guy Martin, Willy J. Masschelein, Gilbert Pacey, David A. Reckhow, Ciaire Ventresque
Behavior toward these micropollutants. Analysis of organic pollutants is limited both by their diversity and the analytical tools necessary for quantification, especially at very low concentrations. Raw water can be analyzed to study priority pollutants or discharged wastewater can be used to survey specific pollutants. For example, in 1982, the European Economic Community Commission (EECC) recorded 429 micropollutants. Cotruvo and Vogt (1987) indicate that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its National Primary Drinking Water Regulations proposes to rank 83 specific contaminants according to threshold occurrence levels in water. The regulations also identify the best available technology (BAT) for the elimination of these products. Many of these 83 substances are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene, benzene derivatives, chlorinated ethane, and ethylene. Other substances include heavier aromatic compounds, phenols, and chlorinated pesticides. For these substances, very low guide levels (maximum contaminant level goals [MCLGs]) have been set, although the enforceable standards (maximum contaminant levels [MCLs]) are generally higher.
Stormwater Laws and Regulations
Published in Roger D. Griffin, Principles of Stormwater Management, 2018
Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT) is defined at CWA §304(b)(2). In general, BAT represents the best available economically achievable performance of plants in the industrial subcategory or category. Factors considered in assessing BAT include: Cost of achieving BAT effluent reductionsAge of equipment and facilities involvedThe processes employed by the industry and potential process changesNonwater quality environmental impacts, including energy requirementsAny other factors as EPA deems appropriate
Implications for Risk Management
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
One practical approach to managing risks of emissions to the environment is to require that the best available technology (BAT) be applied to controlling the emissions. The use of BAT implicitly recognizes that demanding zero emissions is impracticable and would lead to shut-down of industries and home furnaces. EPA applied this approach instead of a strict interpretation of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (dealing with hazardous air pollutants), which would require zero-discharge standards for carcinogens (Haigh et al., 1984).
Comprehensive renovation of a multi-apartment building in Sweden: techno-economic analysis with respect to different economic scenarios
Published in Building Research & Information, 2023
Youcef Boussaa, Ambrose Dodoo, Truong Nguyen, Katarina Rupar-Gadd
The implication of active EEMs was explored to achieve the NZEB energy use level. Conventional water taps are substituted with efficient water taps based on the best available technology. The efficient water taps are assumed to reduce the total water flow by 28% based on data from different cases in Swedish multi-apartment buildings (Folkeson et al., 2017). Additionally, the existing ventilation system is replaced with a centralized air handling unit with a counter flow heat exchanger for heat recovery. The heat recovery efficiency and supply air temperature are assumed to be 85.3% and 18.0°C, respectively (IV Produkt, 2020). The fan static pressure of the supply air and the exhaust air are assumed to be 471 and 507 Pa, respectively. In the case the energy use level of the NZEB is not achieved after applying the efficient taps and VHR, an optimized PV system is added. Parametric analysis on different ranges of PV panel areas is performed to determine the best size. The system is assumed to be grid connected with no energy storage (battery). The produced electricity is considered as final energy savings as it reduces the electricity demand for lighting, household and HVAC electricity and, the surplus electricity is assumed to be sold to the grid. Table 4 summarizes the EEMs analysed in this study.
Digital Twin-driven framework for fatigue lifecycle management of steel bridges
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Fei Jiang, Youliang Ding, Yongsheng Song, Fangfang Geng, Zhiwen Wang
The original concept of DT was introduced as a conceptual idea for product lifecycle management by Grieves in the 2000s. Given the complexity of the concept, a variety of definitions were given by different literature. The widely accepted definition of DT was provided by Glaessgen and Stargel (2012). They outlined that a DT consists of three parts: physical space, virtual space, and connected information and data, and defined it as “an integrated multiphysics, multiscale, probabilistic simulation of an as-built system that uses the best available models, sensor information, and input data to mirror and predict activities/performance over the life of its corresponding physical twin”. The idealistic goal of DT is to utilize the best available technology to realize a real-time mapping between a physical entity and its virtual counterpart. Based on the monitored information from the physical space, DT builds and updates a high-fidelity operational environment for virtual space, which is identical to that is simultaneously experienced by the physical entity. Through a seamless connection between physical and virtual, DT can timely predict future performance for the physical entity, feeding back optimum management strategies to decision-makers.
The adaptation potential of water law in Canada: changing existing water use entitlements
Published in Water International, 2019
Only two provinces – British Columbia and Quebec – provide for amendment to water authorizations based on comprehensive licence or activity review and watershed planning. In British Columbia, after 2044, which is 30 years after the new water law came into force, the provincial government may begin conducting licence reviews. The decision-maker may consider the following factors when conducting a licence review: The best available technology and best practices for water-use efficiency and water conservation.New information regarding actual stream flow and aquifer conditions.The effects of climate change.The licensee’s beneficial use of the water.The use, operation or maintenance of works.Other relevant factors.