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Adaptive flood defence management with ductile dikes
Published in Airong Chen, Xin Ruan, Dan M. Frangopol, Life-Cycle Civil Engineering: Innovation, Theory and Practice, 2021
Dikes are composed of clay and sand and sometimes strengthened with a sheetpile or other constructions. The term ductility is not in use in dike design so far. So a definition is useful with this respect: Ductile dikes are preferably slender dikes that do not breach immediately or rapidly under very high loads, and if they do break, they will only lose a part of their height.
Small and Middle Dams Particularities, Categorization, Design Flood, Spillways and Bottom Outlets
Published in C.V.J. Varma, A.R.G. Rao, Renewable Energy Small Hydro, 2020
In water engineering practice, the dikes are earth structures intended for periodical protection of plane areas (agricultural, industry zones, settlements) from flood. Large dams represent structures which height amounts to Hd≥15.0 m, total storage capacity Vt≥1.0 hm3, and standard flood discharge (SFD) may be Q≥200 cms. They are classified as large dams although their height can be Hd ≥10.0 m on the condition that the dam crest length is B≥500 m, and the total reservoir volume is Vt≥1.0 hm3.
Fire Hazards of Materials and Their Control
Published in Peter M. Bochnak, Fire Loss Control, 2020
Tanks of an above-ground tank farm should be located on ground draining away from important facilities, which may require diverting walls. Where this is possible, a slope of not less than 1% away from the tank toward the drainage system should be provided, with termination of the drainage system in a safely located impounding area having a capacity of not less than the capacity of the largest tank served. In lieu of drainage for protection of exposed property or waterways, confinement of liquid around the tank should be by means of a dike having a volumetric capacity of not less than the greatest amount of liquid that can be releases from the largest tank within the diked area (assuming a full tank). Dikes may be of earth, steel, concrete, or solid masonry construction and of a liquid-tight design adequate to withstand the full hydrostatic head anticipated. To prevent entrapment of personnel, dike heights should be restricted to an average height of 6 ft above interior grade.
Effects of flood wave shape on probabilistic slope stability of dikes under transient groundwater conditions
Published in Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 2023
Teun van Woerkom, Mark van der Krogt, Marc F. P. Bierkens
Dikes (i.e. earthen flood defenses) form an extensive network along many major rivers around the world aimed at mitigating flood risk and prevent flooding. Climate change may increase the risk of a society to flooding (Middelkoop et al. 2001), for example through expedited snow melt or an increase in extreme precipitation events in the upstream drainage area (IPCC 2022). Under current and future climatic conditions, levee breaches can be caused by for example dike overtopping, slope instability due to seepage or under-seepage. Slope instability during river floods is one of the major failure mechanisms of river dikes and tends to occur rapidly, leaving little room for mitigation. Slope instability of these river dikes is associated with large uncertainties, mainly relating to soil properties (van der Krogt, Schweckendiek, and Kok 2019) and groundwater pore pressures (van Woerkom et al. 2021). The pore water pressure (pressure heads) in the dike and subsoil is also one of the main drivers leading to slope instability during floods.
Geotechnical considerations for the concept of coastal reservoir at Mangaluru to impound the flood waters of Netravati River
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2019
C. R. Parthasarathy, T. G. Sitharam, S. Kolathayar
A sea dike is an embankment widely used to protect low-lying areas against inundation and acts as a backwater to prevent erosion of the coast and encroachment of the sea. The purpose of a sea dike is to protect areas of human habitation like towns & villages and conservation and leisure activities from the action of tides and waves. Storage of the abundant monsoon water can be done close to the coast using coastal reservoirs, which otherwise runs off to the ocean. Coastal reservoirs are bounded by impermeable sea dikes at one side and the coast on the other side (Yang 2015). These sea dikes with suitable modifications can be used for creating coastal reservoirs within the shallow waters of the coast. Sea dike is a static feature and it will conflict with the dynamic nature of the coast and impede the exchange of sediment and salt water between land and sea at the mouth of river. Sea dikes are classified as a hard engineering shore-based structure used to provide protection and to lessen coastal erosion. Sea dikes may also be constructed from a variety of materials, most commonly: geosynthetic tubes, geocells, reinforced concrete, boulders, steel, or gabions. Sea dikes are primarily used at exposed coasts, but they are also used at moderately exposed coasts, and in this study, use of sea dikes is presented for the separation of ocean salt water from the flood water from rivers stored in coastal reservoirs (Sitharam 2017).
The levee effect along the Jamuna River in Bangladesh
Published in Water International, 2019
Md Ruknul Ferdous, Anna Wesselink, Luigia Brandimarte, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Md Mizanur Rahman
In 1945, Gilbert F. White wrote that ‘floods are acts of God, but flood losses are largely acts of man. Human encroachment upon the floodplains of river accounts for the high annual toll of flood losses’ (White, 1945, p. 2). Following this observation, White postulated the existence of a ‘levee effect’ in flood risk management and presented evidence for this effect in the United States. ‘Levee’ is a universal term for embankments (man-made or natural) that prevent floodwater flowing from a river to the surrounding areas; dikes are the man-made levees. In this article we will use ‘levee’, since White’s hypothesis and subsequent research used this term. The levee effect is when the construction of levees to protect property from flooding induces property owners to invest more in their property, multiplying the risk should the levee breach or be overtopped. Of course, investment in property or economic capital may be exactly why the levee was constructed in the first place. With risk being defined as the product of the probability of events (here: flooding) occurring and the likelihood caused by damage of such events (Di Baldassarre, Castellarin, Montanari, & Brath, 2009; van Manen & Brinkhuis, 2005), the levee effect implies the paradoxical result that the construction of a levee can increase rather than reduce risk: while the frequency of flooding is reduced, the potential damage is magnified. Whether the risk indeed increases when a levee is constructed depends on the relative magnitude of the two factors, which will be different in different places and at different times (Tanoue, Hirabayashi, & Ikeuchi, 2016).