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Early uses of wind and waterpower
Published in Anthony N. Penna, A History of Energy Flows, 2019
Although the development and industrial capacity of the Lowell mills will remain the primary focus of this section, as cotton became a global commodity, mills in the United States opened in Rhode Island (1790), New Jersey (1791), Delaware (1795), New Hampshire (1803), New York (1803), Connecticut (1804) and Maryland (1810). The U.S. Census listed 269 cotton mills with a total of 87,000 spindles in 1810. By 1860, cotton mills represented the country’s most important industry in terms of capital invested, workers employed and the net value of its cloth.43
Respiratory symptoms and their association with exposure to respiratory dust among indigo-dyed cotton workers
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Ratanee Kammoolkon, Nutta Taneepanichskul, Surasuk Taneepanichskul
The prevalence of symptoms in the survey was in agreement with previous studies from Pakistan that reported high rates of respiratory problems, such as chronic cough, presence of phlegm, chest tightness, and dyspnea among cotton industry workers.35 Also, the study in textile mill workers found that 16.7% had cough, 26.6% had phlegm, 33.3% had chest tightness, and 22.3% had wheezing with shortness of breath.12 In addition, it was reported that the frequency of respiratory symptoms was 15%, 20%, and 20% for cough, presence of phlegm, and wheezing, respectively.11 Mandal and Majumder20 conducted a study in India and reported that incidence of chest tightness and cough was highest (35.44%) in the higher age group of jute mill workers. Similarly, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms on a particular day among workers exposed to cotton mill dust in Benin was reported to be 17.4% for cough, 13.5% for chronic phlegm, and 27.5% for chest tightness7; the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among textile workers was 16.8% for chronic cough and 17.3% for dyspnea.10 The prevalence of symptoms may be dependent on the personal characteristics of the subjects, such as age, congenital disease, sector of activity,10 and self-protection behavior in the workplace. However, exposure to cotton dust can increase the risk of respiratory symptoms, which can cause irritation in the respiratory tract and lead to chronic cough, phlegm, chest tightness, and dyspnea.7
Comparison of different concrete compositions based on sustainability score
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Saurabh Shinkhede, Vasudha Katare, Saurabh Joglekar, Mangesh Madurwar, Sachin Mandavgane
Researchers studied and evaluated environmental impact of alternate construction material using tool like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (Ramos Huarachi et al. 2020). LCA accounts the environmental impact in terms of its standard indicators. For a comprehensive sustainability assessment, it is imperative to evaluate social and economic impacts along with the environmental. The group has evaluated suitability index (SI) of different bricks made of wastes using multi-criteria decision analysis (Joglekar et al. 2018a). The four options of bricks compared based on SI were made from cotton mill waste, recycled paper mill waste, rice husk ash and burnt clay. SI was evaluated considering economic, environmental, social and technical aspects. In the present work, the group used SBA with and without pretreatment as a partially replacement to cement in concrete. The comparison of SBA-based concrete with cement for construction of a single-storied housing model as per National Building code (NBC) was done by sustainability assessment of each alternatives. The sustainability assessment was based on four broad criteria like economic, environment, social and technical. The environmental criterion was evaluated by performing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the alternatives, whereas the multicriteria decision tool, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), was used to integrate different criteria and indicator into a single sustainability score. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques can be implemented to establish the criticality of and grading of mix design techniques (Mohd. et al. 2019). The scope of this paper encompasses sustainability evaluation of the concrete alternatives developed in the previous studies by Vasudha et al., 2017–21 (Katare and Madurwar 2017, 2019, 2019, 2020, 2021) who studied improvement of technical properties of concrete due to sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) waste inclusion. These previous reports extensively deal with the experimental investigations of the products. It consists of the technical parameters and inventory data used for the estimation of costs and perform impact assessment of the products.