China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Aerobic Effluent Treatment Processes, Biohythane Processes and Biofertilizers
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Volatile solids mostly comprise organic materials. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to break down organic materials present in the water or wastewater sample at certain temperature over a specific period of time. BOD indicates the biodegradable organic matter present in the water or wastewater sample. BOD is an experimental parameter which is determined by measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration of the water sample before and after the incubation of the aerobic microbial culture for a specific time. Total BOD (known as ultimate BOD, BODu) of the sample requires 20 d, which is a quite long time. Therefore the BOD5 parameter is used for characterizing wastewater samples. BOD5 is the total amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the first five days of biodegradation. Usually BOD5 is approximately equal to 70% of BODu. COD of wastewater samples is generally greater than BODu because COD includes the total amount of oxygen required for the oxidation of both biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials present in wastewater. Therefore most of industries prepare calibration curves between the COD and BOD of their wastewater samples as shown in Figure 20.1 (Das and Varanasi, 2019; Das and Sen Gupta, 1990).
Agricultural Runoff
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems, 2020
Matt C. Smith, David K. Gattie, Daniel L. Thomas
Erosion from animal agriculture such as feedlots and pastures can also result in the transport of sediments composed of animal manures (see the various Manure Management entries, pp. 1680–1695). These sediments can transport significant quantities of potential pathogens (viruses and bacteria). The animal manures are primarily organic in nature and can serve as a food source for natural bacteria in the receiving water. When these naturally occurring bacteria begin to utilize the organic matter in this way they may lower or deplete the water of dissolved oxygen as they respire and multiply. This use of oxygen by aquatic bacteria is known as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). High levels of BOD can reduce stream oxygen level to the point that fish and other organisms that require dissolved oxygen suffer, die, or relocate, when possible, to more suitable habitats.[6]
Food Industry Effluent Treatment Techniques
Published in Mihir Kumar Purkait, Piyal Mondal, Chang-Tang Chang, Treatment of Industrial Effluents, 2019
Mihir Kumar Purkait, Piyal Mondal, Chang-Tang Chang
The organic matter concentration is evaluated through indirect methods, and the most common method is the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). The COD is the measure of the amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize a determined amount of organic matter, therefore quantifying the total organic material present in the effluent. The BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic microorganisms to oxidize a determined amount of organic matter, quantifying the biodegradable raw material present. This test is usually performed at 20°C for five days (BOD520). In general, the relationship BOD520/COD gives information on the biodegradability of the organic matter fraction present in the wastewater.
Sustainable approach for biodiesel production and wastewater treatment by cultivating Pleusrastrum insigne in wastewater
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Michael Van Lal Chhandama, Kumudini Belur Satyan
A high level of BOD in the water reduced the amount of dissolved oxygen posing a threat to the aquatic life and therefore reduction of BOD is crucial for the remediation of wastewater (Abdel-Raouf et al. 2012). The BOD removal efficiency of P. insigne in different wastewater ranges from 54.84 to 93.61% as seen in Table 2. Our results were found to correlate with previous studies. A study has reported that the BOD removal efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris is 82.71% in sewage water from the Gangneung sewage plant, Korea (Choi and Lee 2012). Another study showed that Chlorella sp. removed 59.1% of the BOD from sewage wastewater at the University of Nigeria (Henry et al. 2019). Recent research has shown that Chlorococcum sp. showed BOD removal efficiency of 83% in a river contaminated with pharmaceutical effluents (Singh et al. 2020).
Floating treatment wetlands as biological buoyant filters for wastewater reclamation
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2019
Khadeeja Rehman, Amna Ijaz, Muhammad Arslan, Muhammad Afzal
Since the uptake of organic matter by the plant alone is almost negligible (Vymazal et al.1998), a major portion of the pollutant load is removed by filtration, flocculation, and/or degraded by the action of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms (Chen et al.2016; Zhang, Lv, et al.2016; Hussain et al.2018b; Tara et al.2018). The BOD and COD ratio is the key parameter in this removal that tentatively explains the presence, as well as the biological degradability of organic matter. It is suggested that when BOD/COD ratio is >0.5, wastewater contains a higher load of organic matter and it is easily biodegradable. Most of the sewage and industrial wastewater normally has BOD/COD ratio ranging between 0.6-0.8, and hence, can be treated successfully with FTWs (Vymazal 2014).
A single-chamber microbial fuel cell for rapid determination of biochemical oxygen demand using low-cost activated carbon as cathode catalyst
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Ying Wang, Xianhua Liu, Meiyu Wang, Pingping Zhang, Yanping Zong, Qiufeng Zhang
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is an important index for evaluating biodegradability of organic compounds in water and wastewater. BOD-5 day test is the standard method to measure this parameter by measuring the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in a sample before and after a five days’ incubation at 20°C [1]. Although this method is widely used, it is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Besides, it has many other limitations such as questionable accuracy, irreproducibility, and high maintenance costs. Therefore, it is not suitable for process control and real-time monitoring where rapid feedback is essential. Alternative techniques have been investigated aiming for a more rapid, accurate, and simple BOD test. In recent years, there have been several reports on the development of DO probe-based biosensors [2]. These types of sensors offered possibility of portability, miniaturization and working on-site, and showed a good correlation between signal and BOD concentration. In addition, they did not require additional processing steps such as reagent additions. However, BOD sensors usually suffered from poor operational stability and low measurement range [3].