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Characterization and Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Cutting Fluids
Published in Kishor Kumar Gajrani, Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar, Advances in Sustainable Machining and Manufacturing Processes, 2022
Phaneendra Kiran Chaganti, Madan Mohan Reddy Nune
Figure 3.6 shows the COD/BOD numbers for each of the five days. In the MWF samples, the amount of oxygen demand was measured. An oxygen-consuming amphibian corruption method was utilized to assess the biodegradability of cutting fluid. “BOD” is used to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen in organic matter under aerobic condition, while the “COD” can determine oxygen requirement for organic matter in water. The degree of biodegradability of a cutting fluid is determined by “the ratio of BOD to COD.” According to the literature [31–33] the biodegradation percentage for synthetics, semi-engineered, and manufactured liquids should be 40% larger. Chemicals that pass the 5-day biodegradability test are regarded as entirely biodegradable.
Natural purification processes
Published in Rumana Riffat, Taqsim Husnain, Fundamentals of Wastewater Treatment and Engineering, 2022
The BOD is used as a measure of the pollution potential of wastewater. It gives us an idea of the amount of biodegradable organic matter that is present in a wastewater. BOD is defined as the amount of oxygen utilized by a mixed population of microorganisms during aerobic oxidation of organic matter at a controlled temperature of 20°C for a specified time.
Water Quality and Water Pollution
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that microbial life consumes in the process of digesting organic contaminants in a sample of water. COD measures the amount of all organic material, whereas BOD is specific to organic compounds that are biodegradable. Since natural digestion processes are significantly slower than the dichromate reaction used to measure COD, BOD is usually measured after a 5-day incubation at 20°C.
Sustainable approach for biodiesel production and wastewater treatment by cultivating Pleusrastrum insigne in wastewater
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Michael Van Lal Chhandama, Kumudini Belur Satyan
A high level of BOD in the water reduced the amount of dissolved oxygen posing a threat to the aquatic life and therefore reduction of BOD is crucial for the remediation of wastewater (Abdel-Raouf et al. 2012). The BOD removal efficiency of P. insigne in different wastewater ranges from 54.84 to 93.61% as seen in Table 2. Our results were found to correlate with previous studies. A study has reported that the BOD removal efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris is 82.71% in sewage water from the Gangneung sewage plant, Korea (Choi and Lee 2012). Another study showed that Chlorella sp. removed 59.1% of the BOD from sewage wastewater at the University of Nigeria (Henry et al. 2019). Recent research has shown that Chlorococcum sp. showed BOD removal efficiency of 83% in a river contaminated with pharmaceutical effluents (Singh et al. 2020).
Microalgae: a cheap tool for wastewater abatement and biomass recovery
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2022
Haruna Saidu, Jibrin Mohammed Ndejiko, Nafiatu Abdullahi, Aisha Bello Mahmoud, Shaza Eva Mohamad
Wastewater consists of complex organic and inorganic pollutants. Organic compounds contain at least one carbon atom, which is oxidized chemically (COD) or biologically (BOD) to liberate carbon dioxide. In wastewater treatment, the primary parameters used for determining the strength of organic pollutants are COD and BOD. COD indirectly measures the amount of organic and inorganic compounds present in wastewater, while BOD measures the quantity of dissolved oxygen available for the microorganism to degrade organic substrates [69]. They are indirectly used to measure the degradation level of organic substrates in wastewater. For example, palm oil mill effluent is wastewater that contains a high amount of COD and BOD [70]. The high amount of COD and BOD in water body is harmful to aquatic biota. This is because they cause a severe depletion of dissolved oxygen levels, thereby causing anaerobiosis and sudden death by aquatic biota [71]. Because microalgae have diversified metabolisms, they are regarded as an efficient candidate for COD and BOD removal [71].
Treatment of Leachate from Open Dumpsite of Municipal Solid Waste by Ozone Based Advanced Oxidation Process
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
Analytical grade H2O2 (30% w/w), Acetone, HPLC grade Dichloromethane were obtained from Merck Chemicals (India). The COD measurement was carried out with closed reflux method as per American Public Health Association Standard Methods (APHA) using HACH digester (150°C for 2 h). The pH of the leachate was measured using digital pH meter (HACH PHC 101, USA) and the solids were measured by gravimetric analysis. The BOD of the sample was measured as per APHA Standard Method (5-day incubation at 20°C) using Thermolab Scientific incubator and the turbidity was measured using digital turbidity meter (HACH 2100P, USA). Chloride was quantified using Dionextm Integriontm HPICTM system (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). The various metals present in the leachate sample were quantified using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) (Perkin Elmer analyst 500, USA). The nitrogen compounds such as ammonium and nitrate were estimated by UV spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1800, Japan) at 640 nm and 220 nm, respectively.