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Special Steels
Published in Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak, Phase Transformations and Heat Treatments of Steels, 2020
Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak
Austenitic stainless steels have 16%–25% chromium and austenite-stabilizing elements such as nickel, manganese, or nitrogen. Typical examples include chromium–nickel (3xx type) and chromium–nickel–manganese stainless steels (2xx type). These steels find a wide range of applications due to excellent corrosion resistance than the ferritic and martensitic stainless steels. Type 304 steels, having a carbon content of 0.08% maximum, have good weldability and are used for chemical and food processing equipment due to the restriction in carbide precipitation during welding. Later, type 304L stainless steel is developed to avoid further carbide precipitation during welding, which contains only 0.03% carbon. Type 316 stainless steels show better corrosion resistance property than 302 or 304 steels because they contain 2%–3% molybdenum, and hence, they are used for pulp-handling purposes and photographic and food equipment. However, owing to the presence of high nickel content, type 3xx stainless steels are expensive. Alternatively, chromium–nickel–manganese stainless steels (type 201 and 202) have been developed with the substitution of manganese for nickel. The presence of manganese reduces the rate of work hardening.
Introduction
Published in Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel, Qing Quan Liang, Muhammad N. S. Hadi, Concrete-Filled Stainless Steel Tubular Columns, 2019
Vipulkumar Ishvarbhai Patel, Qing Quan Liang, Muhammad N. S. Hadi
Austenitic stainless steels are the most commonly used stainless steels in engineering structures, designated as grades 304, 316, 304L, and 316L. The grades 304L and 316L are the low carbon variants of grades 304 and 316. These stainless steels contain 18% chromium and 8% nickel in their chemical composition. The chromium content of the grade 316 austenitic stainless steel is slightly lower than that of the grade 304 one, but grade 316 stainless steel contains an additional 2% molybdenum to increase its resistance against corrosion. Grades 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steels have a maximum of 0.03% carbon, which greatly reduces the residual stresses induced from the welding process. Austenitic stainless steels have good corrosion resistance and high ductility, are easily fabricated in different shapes, and readily weldable. These stainless steels become stronger by cold working but not by the heat treatment. The mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels are given in Tables 1.1 and 1.2. It can be seen from Tables 1.1 and 1.2 that the strengths of austenitic stainless steels are comparable to carbon steels.
Understanding and Recognizing Corrosion
Published in Neville W. Sachs, Practical Plant Failure Analysis, 2019
The “L” designation refers to the fact that the amount of carbon is limited. (Type 304 allows as much as 0.08% while 304L limits the carbon content to 0.03%.) As a result, fewer chromium carbides are formed at the grain boundaries and the rate of attack is greatly reduced.
Enhancement of fatigue resistance of additively manufactured 304L SS by unique heterogeneous microstructure
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2021
Hongzhuang Zhang, Mengtao Xu, Punit Kumar, Changyou Li, Weibing Dai, Zhendong Liu, Zhenyuan Li, Yimin Zhang
Austenitic stainless steels (SS), such as 316L and 304L, are widely applied in kitchen tools, medical implants, oil drilling rigs, nuclear power plants, and other fields due to their excellent corrosion resistance (Shen et al. 2015; Koyama et al. 2017; Ferreri et al. 2020). Additive manufacturing (AM), as a disruptive technology in modern industries, can produce metal parts with customised geometries that are constrained by the design of traditional processes, thereby attracting extensive attention and researches (MacDonald and Wicker 2016; Martin et al. 2017; Khairallah et al. 2020). In recent studies, austenitic stainless steels via a laser powder-bed-fusion (PBF) technique have shown both excellent ductility and tensile strength, which overcame the strength-ductility trade-off that commonly existed in pure metals and alloys (Liu et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2018). However, due to the existence of intrinsic AM defects, the fatigue properties of additively manufactured austenitic steels are seriously affected and need to be deeply understood (Sanaei and Fatemi 2020).