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Ratcheting behaviour of austenitic and lean duplex stainless steel in fatigue tests
Published in Joan-Ramon Casas, Dan M. Frangopol, Jose Turmo, Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability, 2022
E. Horisawa, K. Sugiura, Y. Kitane, Y. Goi
Stainless steel is alloy steel with excellent corrosion resistance due to its chromium content and is applied in various fields such as machinery products and chemical plants. In the civil engineering field, the use of stainless steel without coating for waterfront structures such as sluice gates is expected to increase the durability of the structures, reduce the labor required for maintenance, and lower the life cycle cost (Garder et al. 2007). Among stainless steel, Lean Duplex Stainless Steel (LDSS) is a new type of stainless steel and is characterized by its price stability due to the reduction of nickel, a rare element, to less than half of SUS304 (UNS S30400), a general-purpose austenitic stainless steel. In addition, LDSS has the same level of corrosion resistance as SUS304 and about twice the design strength of SUS304. Therefore, LDSS is expected to be applied to bridges where structural rationalization is required, and research on the material properties to describe stress-strain curves (Huang et al. 2018) and load carrying capacity of steel beams made of LDSS (Theofanous et al. 2010) was being conducted.
Study on strength properties of butt-welded joints with stainless and carbon steel
Published in Hiroshi Yokota, Dan M. Frangopol, Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations, 2021
S. Aramaki, T. Shimozato, M. Tai, H. Matsushita, Y. Shimura
As regards stainless steel (JIS G4304), it is necessary to consider its mechanical properties, physical properties, corrosion resistance, workability, availability and cost, as well as the strength of the carbon mild steel to be joined to it. In addition, there are various types of stainless steel depending on the usage, and they are classified into five types: austenite, ferrite, dual-phase, martensite, and precipitation-hardened. Considering strength, weldability, workability, operating environment and plate thickness, stainless steels that can be used for bridges are austenite and dual-phase. Among these, stainless steels having the same strength as SM400 and SM490Y, and which are easy to procure, were selected as stainless steel base materials. Stainless steels that have the strength similar to SM400 and SM490Y, both of which are used as carbon mild steel base materials, are SUS304 and either of SUS304N2, SUS821L1, and SUS323L, respectively. Considering the market availability, SUS304 and SUS821L1 were chosen. For welding of dissimilar materials, the welding materials used for joining are often selected to satisfy required values on the lower grade side, which are strength and crack resistance. The weld metal that joins the stainless steel to the carbon mild steel should be an even or overmatched joint that does not have less strength than the carbon mild steel base material, and which has good crack resistance even when diluted with carbon mild steel. Therefore, TS309(JIS Z3313) of the 309 series of materials was used.
Steels
Published in M. Rashad Islam, Civil Engineering Materials, 2020
Stainless steels generally contain between 10% and 20% chromium as the main alloying element and are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, stainless steel is about 200 times more resistant to corrosion than the mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their crystalline structure: Austenitic – Austenitic steels are non-magnetic and non-heat-treatable, and generally contain 18% chromium, 8% nickel, and less than 0.8% carbon. Austenitic steels form the largest portion of the global stainless steel market, and are often used in food processing equipment, kitchen utensils, and piping.Ferritic – Ferritic steels contain trace amounts of nickel, 12–17% chromium, and less than 0.1% carbon, along with other alloying elements, such as molybdenum, aluminum or titanium. These magnetic steels cannot be hardened by heat treatment, but can be strengthened by cold working.Martensitic – Martensitic steels contain 11–17% chromium, less than 0.4% nickel, and up to 1.2% carbon. These magnetic and heat-treatable steels are used in knives and cutting tools, as well as dental and surgical equipment.
Electrochemical behaviour of AISI 201 austenitic stainless steel in 0.5 M H2SO4
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023
Hadi Irani, Akbar Vajd, Ali Fardi Ilkhchy
In the present investigation, the passivation behaviour of AISI 201 austenitic stainless steel was investigated using different electrochemical analyses. Potentiodynamic polarisation tests showed that the passive film forms, in a wide range of potentials, on the surface of AISI 201 steel exposed to 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. Using potentiostatic polarisation tests, it was demonstrated that the steady-state corrosion current density is not dependent on film-forming potential, and its value was determined as 7.01 μA/cm2 in the passive region. The donor density and the diffusivity of point defects in the passive film were determined using Mott–Schottky analysis. The results showed that the donor density decreases exponentially with film-forming potential. It was also demonstrated that the steady-state passive film thickness increases with increasing the potential. Finally, the general corrosion rate of AISI 201 austenitic steel exposed to 0.5 M H2SO4 solution was determined, based on point defect model, to be 2.313×10−10 cm/s, and it was expected that about 7.29 mm of the steel is lost due to general corrosion over a hundred years of storage. This type of stainless steel is suitable for a wide range of food contact applications, such as cutlery and kitchen utensils, as well as for food processing, storage, and transport equipment.
Experimental evaluation of longitudinal tensile properties of ferritic stainless-steel weldment joined by metal inert gas, pulse metal inert gas, and tungsten inert gas welding
Published in Welding International, 2022
Shahid Hussain, Ajai Kumar Pathak
Stainless steels are iron-base alloys that contain iron as the primary element and chromium in amounts ranging from 10.5% to 30%. Other elements such as nickel, copper, aluminium, niobium, sulphur, molybdenum, titanium, silicon, nitrogen, and selenium are also added to enhance the specific properties. Carbon content ranges from 0.03% to more than 1% in some martensitic types. Stainless steels can be used in a broad range of applications, both cast and wrought, in a variety of environments [1]. When stainless steel is exposed to atmospheric gases, the chromium in the steel produces chromium-rich oxide, which forms an adhesive and invisible thin layer on the surface and is responsible for the stainless characteristic. This thin layer protects the surface from rust, corrosion, and further oxidation. Stainless steels are also known as corrosion-resistant steels. These steels can tolerate the attack of various chemicals, liquids, and gases [2]. Stainless steel can be categorized into five groups on the basis of its metallurgical phase. They are namely austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex (austenitic-ferritic), and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. The ferritic grade is cheaper because it carries no or very low amounts of nickel.
Experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of stainless steel reinforced concrete beams
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Musab Rabi, Rabee Shamass, Katherine A. Cashell
Stainless steels are defined as a group of metals containing a minimum chromium content of 10.5% and a maximum carbon content of 1.2% (EN 10088-1, 1995). The chromium improves the corrosion resistance of stainless steel through the development of a passive protective layer on the surface in the presence of oxygen (Evans, 2002). There are five main categories of stainless steel, according to their metallurgical structure, including the austenitic, duplex, ferritic, martensitic and precipitation hardened grades. The austenitic and duplex grades are most commonly used in structural applications owing to the exceptional corrosion resistance and outstanding mechanical properties (Baddoo & Burgan, 2012; Gardner, 2005). In addition, the ferritic grades are increasingly attractive in appropriate structural applications that do not require high corrosion resistance material (Baddoo, 2008).