China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antihypertensive Drugs: Controlling Blood Pressure
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The thiazides were the first successful diuretics. The thiazide diuretics promote elimination of Na+. They inhibit reabsorption of Na+ in the kidneys and reduce fluid build-up. They may also reduce vascular resistance. The thiazide diuretics can enhance the antihypertensive effects of other types of drugs and are therefore often used in combinations. The details of their mechanism of action are somewhat uncertain but seem to involve both vasodilation and Na+ and K+ transport. Urinary loss of K+ can be a dose-limiting factor. Chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide are examples and other compounds of this class include metolazone, chlorthalidone, and indapamide. All these drugs contain an o-chlorosulfonamide structure.
Environmental benign RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of anti-hypertensive drugs using analytical quality by design
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Naveenarani Dharuman, Karunanidhi Santhana Lakshmi, Manikandan Krishnan
Benidipine is a long-acting, dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used as an anti-anginal and anti-hypertensive agent [6]. It is chemically (benidipine, (±)-(R*)−3- [(R*)−1-benzyl-3-piperidyl] methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl- 4-(m-nitrophenyl)−3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate hydrochloride (Figure 1a). It inhibits L, T, and N-type calcium channels and has a strong vascular selectivity. The drug has anti-oxidant properties and an increase in nitric oxide production. In addition, it shows cardioprotective benefits in patients with ischemic heart disease. It also shows renal protective effects [7]. Chlorthalidone (Figure 1b) is a thiazide type diuretic used exclusively as antihypertensive. It is effective in BP reduction and improving cardiovascular outcomes [8]. The IUPAC name of chlorthalidone is benzenesulfonamide, 2-chloro-5-(2,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-3-oxo-1H-isoindol-1-yl) [9]. It blocks the sodium-chloride cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle's distal convoluted tubule [10]. The literature study reveals that few HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) techniques were reported for chlorthalidone [11–14], while for benidipine HPLC/UPLC (Ultra performance liquid chromatography) [15] and with the combination of BEN and CHD stability indicating HPLC [16] and RP-HPLC [17] technique has been discussed.
Using molecular dynamics simulations to identify the key factors responsible for chiral recognition by an amino acid-based molecular micelle
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Kevin F. Morris, Eugene J. Billiot, Fereshteh H. Billiot, Jordan A. Ingle, Kevin B. Krause, Corbin R. Lewis, Kenny B. Lipkowitz, William M. Southerland, Yayin Fang
The ligands investigated in this study were alprenolol, propranolol, 1,1′-bi-2-naphthyl-2,2′-diyl hydrogen phosphate (BNP), 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BOH), chlorthalidone, and lorazepam. The structures of these compounds are shown in Figure 1b–1g. The binding of alprenolol, propranolol, BOH, and BNP enantiomers to poly(SULL) have been investigated experimentally by Billiot et al.[22] Propranolol and alprenolol are β-blocker drugs and chlorthalidone is a thiazide diuretic used to treat fluid retention in patients with hypertension.[29] BNP and BOH are used in chiral syntheses[30,31] and their interactions with amino acid-based MM have been studied by a variety of experimental techniques.[32–37] Finally, lorazepam is a benzodiazepine drug used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures.[38] By investigating the association of these structurally diverse chiral compounds with poly(SULL), the MM binding sites with the most favorable ligand: MM intermolecular interactions were identified along with the factors determining which of a chiral compound’s enantiomers had the lower MM binding-free energy. The insight gained will then be used in subsequent work to build the quantitative predictive models discussed above.
Investigation of chiral recognition by molecular micelles with molecular dynamics simulations
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2018
Kevin F. Morris, Eugene J. Billiot, Fereshteh H. Billiot, Jordan A. Ingle, Stephanie R. Zack, Kevin B. Krause, Kenny B. Lipkowitz, William M. Southerland, Yayin Fang
This study presents MD simulation analyses of the intermolecular interactions between the chiral drugs chlorthalidone and lorazepam and poly(SULV). Chlorthalidone and lorazepam are, respectively, thiazide diuretic and benzodiazepine drugs. Chlorthalidone is used to treat fluid retention in patients with hypertension, and lorazepam is prescribed to treat anxiety, nausea, insomnia, and seizures.[22,23] The enantiomers in racemic mixtures of both drugs have been separated in CE experiments using poly(SULV) as the chiral selector.[16] These separations showed that both drugs experienced strong chiral interactions with the MM, meaning that high chiral resolution of the enantiomers was achieved with a relatively low concentration of poly(SULV).[16]