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Potential Use of Bioactive Compounds from Waste in the pharmaceutical Industry
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Their structure includes 1 or more 5-carbon isoprene units. Terpenoids are classified according to the number of isoprene units they contain. Isoprene, which is synthesized and released by plants, comprises one unit and is classified as a hemiterpene —monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterpenes, triterpenes and tetraterpenes (Paiva et al. 2010). Terpenoids include compounds acting as flavors, fragrances, insect attractants and antibiotics. Terpenes institute biological activities which are anticancers, anti-microbials and anti-inflammatory (Liu et al. 2000). Terpenes include the hormones—gibberellins and abscisic acid; the pigments phytol and carotenoids (600 known naturally-occurred ones), resins and compounds such as pyrethrum (Jimenez- Garcie et al. 2013). Among the carotenoids, lycopene in red tomatoes, lutein in yellow peppers and α- and ß-carotene in orange carrots are to be cited. Important sources of carotenoids are carrots, tomatoes, peas, spinach and citrus fruits (Denny and Buttriss 2007).
Transformation of Natural Products by Marine-Derived Microorganisms
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Thayane Melo de Queiroz, André Luiz Meleiro Porto
Terpenoids are organic compounds derived from C5 isoprene units that are normally joined together in a head-to-tail condensation. These compounds are found in plants and microorganisms, and they constitute an extensive class of compounds with different carbon chain sizes. The members of this class of compounds are represented by monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), triterpenes (C30), and tetraterpenes (C40) (Dewick, 2009). The terpenoids have important biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and insecticide activities, among others (De Carvalho and Da Fonseca, 2006; Bakkali et al., 2008; Schwab et al., 2013; Martins et al., 2015).
Greener Synthesis of Natural Products
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
Renata Kołodziejska, Renata Studzińska, Hanna Pawluk, Alina Woźniak
Terpenes are secondary metabolites of plant origin. They are also called terpenoids or isoprenoids and are one of the largest groups of natural compounds. Terpenoids are volatile substances that generally give plants and flowers their flavor and fragrance. They are widely found even in the leaves and fruits of higher plants, conifers, citrus, and eucalyptus, and are an important component of essential oils. The terpenes group consists of isoprene (C5) units, i.e., 2-methylbut-1,3-diene molecules.
Application of a binary mixture of bio-extract on organic cotton fabric
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
M. Janarthanan, Subrata Das, M. Jayapradeep, S. SumaiyaZainab, S. Venkatesh
Polyphenols compound has higher antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-platelet, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. It is used to cure the tumor, cancer and burned wounds. Phenolic acid compounds have the property of resisting oxidative damage, which leads to various diseases such as degeneration, cardiovascular, cancer, and inflammation. Mainly tumor cells, including leukemia cells, have higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than other normal cells and are especially sensitive to oxidative cells. Flavanoids compound is responsible for the production of higher antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-platelet, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. It has the properties of curing wounds and killing microbes. Tannins compound have properties such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-tumor activity, anti-allergic and anti-platelet. It is used to cure cancer, burned wounds, and antidote for poison. The structure of terpenoids has biological activity and can be used to treat many diseases, especially malaria. They have properties such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-tumor activity.
Preparation and self-cleavage of fusion soluble farnesyl diphosphate synthase in E. coli
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Wenfeng Ni, Zixuan Wang, Aifang Zheng, Ying Zhao
The skeletal structures of terpenoids with various carbon chain lengths are formed by several isoprene units and are derived from the mevalonate (MVA) pathway or methyl-D-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in organisms.[7–9] Isoprene units are responsible for the initial substrate supplementation of biosynthesis of terpenoids, including dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP).[10,11] For instance, the basic structure of monoterpene (C10), namely geranyl diphosphate (GPP), is synthesized via the condensation of DMAPP and IPP in the presence of geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) and subsequent conversion to mature monoterpene via multiple enzymatic reactions. Additionally, condensation of one IPP unit with GPP leads to the formation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a direct precursor of sesquiterpenes (C15), geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), and other bioactive compounds.[12–14] Notably, the role of GPPS in microorganisms is usually replaced by that of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS). GPP is synthesized and rapidly converted to FPP in the catalytic domain of FPPS. In Escherichia coli K12, an ispA gene encoding FPPS has been identified, and is regarded as one of the key enzymes involved in the production of terpenoids and isoprene diphosphates with longer chain lengths.[15,16] The potential value of FPPS may be limited as it has low production levels, suggesting the need for improved expression levels for industrial applications.
An exploration on the toxicity mechanisms of phytotoxins and their potential utilities
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Huiling Chen, Harpreet Singh, Neha Bhardwaj, Sanjeev K. Bhardwaj, Madhu Khatri, Ki-Hyun Kim, Wanxi Peng
Terpenes and terpenoids are secondary plant metabolites. Terpenes are simply hydrocarbons, and terpenoids are an advanced class of terpenes that possess various functional groups (e.g., a methyl group) at various positions. As important bioactive components in natural medicine, they are used to treat many diseases through their anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties (Kiyama, 2017). They are a main component of plant essential oils, bittern, latex, pigments, essences, and resins. In addition, many plants containing terpenoids have been used in traditional medicine for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Many terpenes have strong toxicity, such as veratrum toxin, daphnetoxin, candlene toxin A, and resin euphorbiidin. Terpenes are produced by various pathogenic fungi and higher plants (Cimmino et al., 2014). Instead of possessing similar basic units, terpenes are versatile in their structure and biological activity. There are around 15,000 types of terpenes that are classified into mono-, di-, and triterpenes on the basis of their carbon units. Some common examples of terpenes are α and β pinene, limonene, iridoids, menthol, lactones, clerodanes, daphnanes, and tiglianes. Monoterpenes include phomentrioloxin, isolated from Phomopsis spp. fungi, and 9-OH-isoegomaketone, extracted from Perilla leaves. Fusicoccin, from Fusicoccum amygdali, is a common diterpene, and soyasapogenel, from the seeds of O. crenata (broomrape) is a common triterpene (Araniti et al., 2017). Research into the potential applications of terpenes in agriculture and food sector, biotechnology, and healthcare is still in the developmental phase.