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Biosynthesis of Natural Products
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
Athar Ata, Samina Naz, Kenneth Friesen
Diterpenes are members of the terpenoidal class of natural products. These compounds are made up of four isoprene units. They are biosynthesized in nature using geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGP) (95) as an intermediate [50]. Compound (95) is produced in nature by coupling FPP (64) with another unit of isoprene (63). There are a number of diterpene cyclase enzymes present in nature to fold/cyclize GGP (95) to give various classes of diterpenes [50]. For instance, momilactone (98) is produced from syn-primara-7,15-diene (97). GGP is cyclized to afford intermediate 96 which on further cyclization give compound 97. Similarly, the cyclization of GGP (95) by ent-kaurene diterpene cyclase affords intermediate 99, which on further cyclization yields ent-kaurene-type diterpenoid structure (100). All of these biosynthetic steps involved in the biosynthesis of diterpenes are shown in Figure 16.19 [51].
A Brief History of Terpenoids
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Milena Campelo Freitas de Lima, Larissa Sousa da Silva, Larissa Silveira Moreira Wiedemann, Valdir F. da Veiga
Diterpenes are common compounds naturally exuded from the trunks of the Cistaceae, Leguminoseae, Burseraceae, Lamiaceae and Euphorbiaceae botanical families as an adhesive lipophilic resin (Bhat et al., 2005). They are responsible for the high viscosity and density from natural gums and oil resins in a wide variety of diterpenic skeletons including labdane, pimarane, abietane, kaurane, clerodane and giberellane (Breitmaier, 2006).
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Diterpenes emanate from the resins of various coniferous species. Abietic acid derivatives are the principal product of rosin, a resin that comes mainly from pine and has a variety of industrial uses, most of which exacerbate sensitivity in the individual who is chemically sensitive. Labdanes and clerodanes are the “bitter” principle of bark, roots, and stems (from clerodane and horehound).78
An exploration on the toxicity mechanisms of phytotoxins and their potential utilities
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Huiling Chen, Harpreet Singh, Neha Bhardwaj, Sanjeev K. Bhardwaj, Madhu Khatri, Ki-Hyun Kim, Wanxi Peng
Earlier studies coupled an anti-Thy monoclonal Ab with bryodin to prepare an immunoconjugate (Francisco et al., 1997). It was observed that the bryodin at low concentrations (0.01 nM) was specific in targeting lymphoma and myeloma cells. Many other compounds from plant and microbial origins can kill viruses. For example, the peptide toxin luffin P1 displayed antiviral activity against HIV in infected cells, and puroindolines a and b are cysteine-rich proteins from Triticum aestivum that showed bactericidal effect toward E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis (Capparelli et al., 2006; Jing et al., 2003). Another compound, pepcanatox, possessed antifungal properties and insecticidal properties. It displayed activity against the filamentous fungi Penicillium spp. and Mucor spp. (Martinelli et al., 2014; Postal et al., 2012). Furthermore, sesquiterpene lactone-derived compounds (artemisinins) have been found to be novel antitumor agents that have shown cytotoxicity to cancer cells in clinical trials (Ren et al., 2016). The consumption of alkaloids in foods and beverages improves immunity, performance, and nutrition. The alkaloids also possess antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and anti-microbial properties (Apostolova & Victor, 2015; Senchina et al., 2014). Alkaloids can thus be beneficial with many valuable pharmacological characteristics for upgraded medicinal applications. In humans, alkaloids have many applications, such as being neuroactive compounds (caffeine and nicotine), lifesaving drugs (emetine and vincristine), modulators of the CNS, and powerful analgesics (Hussain et al., 2018; Kuete, 2014). Diterpenes, which contain four isoprene units, are also used favorably for their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and anti-fungal mechanisms (Perveen & Al-Taweel, 2018). Therefore, toxicity and immunogenic studies should be performed to develop advanced strategies for exploring the antitumor properties of phytotoxins.