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Organic Air Pollutants
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Green-leaf volatiles consisting largely of C6-aldehydes, C6-alcohols, and their acetates are best known as the smell that is produced by freshly mown grass. Most of the hydrocarbons emitted by plants are terpenes, which constitute a large class of organic compounds found in essential oils. Essential oils are obtained when parts of some types of plants are subjected to steam distillation. Most of the plants that produce terpenes are conifers (evergreen trees and shrubs such as pine and cypress), plants of the genus Myrtus, and trees and shrubs of the genus Citrus. One of the most common terpenes emitted by trees is α-pinene, a principal component of turpentine. The terpene limonene, found in citrus fruit and pine needles, is encountered in the atmosphere around these sources. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), a hemiterpene, has been identified in the emissions from cottonwood, eucalyptus, oak, sweetgum, and white spruce trees. Linalool is a terpene with the chemical formula (CH3)2C=CHCH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)CH=CH2 , that is given off by some plant species common to Italy and Austria, including the pine Pinus pinea and orange blossoms. Other terpenes that are given off by trees include β-pinene, myrcene, ocimene, and α-terpinene.
Organic Air Pollutants
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Most of the hydrocarbons emitted by plants are terpenes, which constitute a large class of organic compounds found in essential oils. Essential oils are obtained when parts of some types of plants are subjected to steam distillation. Most of the plants that produce terpenes are conifers (evergreen trees and shrubs such as pine and cypress), plants of the genus Myrtus, and trees and shrubs of the genus Citrus. One of the most common terpenes emitted by trees is α-pinene, a principal component of turpentine. The terpene limonene, found in citrus fruit and pine needles, is encountered in the atmosphere around these sources. Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), a hemiterpene, has been identified in the emissions from cottonwood, eucalyptus, oak, sweetgum, and white spruce trees. Linalool is a terpene with the chemical formula (CH3)2C=CHCH2CH2C(CH3)(OH)CH=CH2, that is given off by some plant species common to Italy and Austria, including the pine Pinus pinea and orange blossoms. Other terpenes that are given off by trees include β-pinene, myrcene, ocimene, and α-terpinene.
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Published in Joseph C. Salamone, Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, 2020
Terpenes (C10H16-based compounds) are natural substances that provide plants and flowers with much of their fragrance. Some natural terpenes are hydrocarbons. Others are oxygenated compounds, such as alcohols, acids, or aldehydes. Typical examples of the natural appearance of hydrocarbons (or the oxygenated compounds of this family of C10H16 substances) are α- and β-pinene (turpentine oil), myrcene (bayberry), limonene (orange oil), citronellol (rose oil), linalool (flowers of ylang ylang), geraniol (gingergrass), menthol (Japanese peppermint oil), and citral (lemon grass and lemon oil).
Biobased polymers from lignocellulosic sources
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Rachele N. Carafa, Daniel A. Foucher, Guerino G. Sacripante
Forestry-based materials come from plants not eligible for food production, such as those that come from trees. Some examples of forestry-based materials used to synthesize biobased products are highlighted in Figure 2 and include compounds such as terpenes, terpenoids, and rosin acids. Terpenes and terpenoids are synthesized from plants such as trees, fruits, and flowers, or obtained from essential oils from plants such as lemon grass, mints, and orange trees. The main difference between the two is that terpenes are made purely from hydrocarbons while terpenoids contain at least one oxygen group within their structure in the form of alcohols or carbonyl groups (19,20). Rosins can be classified into three types: wood, tall oil, and gum. Wood rosins come from old pine stumps, tall oil rosins are made from the distillation of crude oil from the wood pulp manufacturing Kraft process, and gum rosins, which are also the most common of the three, is the non-volatile fraction of pine resin from the extraction of terpenes, with turpentine being the volatile fraction (21,22).
Volatile organic compound and particulate emissions from the production and use of thermoplastic biocomposite 3D printing filaments
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
Antti Väisänen, Lauri Alonen, Sampsa Ylönen, Marko Hyttinen
Additionally, wooden products and BCs have been documented to emit distinctive chemicals that include various terpenes (Roffael 2006; Kim et al. 2006; Höllbacher et al. 2015; Pohleven et al. 2019). BCs can therefore produce altered emissions in comparison to pure plastics when used as filament extruder or 3D printer feedstocks. To be noted, a wide range of VOCs and certain terpenes are classified as irritants or sensitizers (Kasanen et al. 1999; Van Kampen et al. 2000; Kim et al. 2013; Wolkoff et al. 2006; Mossman et al. 2007; Shahnaz et al. 2012; WHO 2021), while terpenes are identified as precursors for secondary reactive chemical species and UFPs in the air phase in the presence of ozone. (Sarwar et al. 2004; Rohr 2013; Kim et al. 2015b; Wolkoff 2020). Indoor terpenes can potentially impair indoor air quality further on this basis. However, terpenes have widely been applied in consumer products, e.g., fragrances for decades without widespread adverse impacts while being present in both indoor and outdoor environments throughout history (Sarwar et al. 2004; Roffael 2006; Wolkoff 2020), and thus their contribution to indoor air quality must be evaluated carefully. In contrast, volatile terpenes are also associated with various health benefits, e.g., anti-inflammatory potential, further challenging their perception as mere pollutants (Kim et al. 2020).
Photochemical impacts on the toxicity of PM2.5
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Jialin Xu, Wenxin Hu, Donghai Liang, Peng Gao
Terpenes are mainly emitted by plants and belong to natural and biogenic VOCs (Holopainen et al., 2017). Globally, isoprene (ISO) and α/β-pinene are the first and second largest non-methane hydrocarbons among all the terpenes and play important roles in the formation of SOAs (Holopainen et al., 2017; Rohr & Annette, 2013). Isoprene has exhibited reproductive toxicity, inhalation toxicity, and carcinogenicity; however, its toxicity is weaker than its homologue, 1,3-butadiene (Anderson, 2001; Melnick et al., 1996). Exposing B6C3F1 mice to isoprene can induce testicular atrophy, lead to an increase in sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow cells, and cause series of neoplasms; however, isoprene cannot induce chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice (Melnick et al., 1996). For α-pinene, epidemiological experiments and animal experiments show that it has the potential to cause respiratory and skin irritation (Rider, 2016). Also, inhalation of α-pinene or its mixture with other pinenes can cause respiratory discomfort (Filipsson, 1996; Rider, 2016). Currently, there is insufficient research to prove that α-pinene exhibits carcinogenic and genotoxic potential (Rider, 2016). Also, as VOCs are quite unstable in the atmosphere, there are very few studies that directly discuss the health risks of terpenes at normal atmospheric concentrations.