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Terpenoids Against Infectious Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sanhita Ghosh, Kamalika Roy, Chiranjib Pal
Menthol is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol, found as a major constituent in the essential oils of Mentha canadensis L. (cornmint) and M. × piperita L. (peppermint). The inhibitory capacity of M. piperita oil, which contains menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%) and isomenthone (5.9%) as the major constituents, was evaluated in vitro on RC-37 cells against HSV-1 and HSV-2 using a plaque reduction assay and viral suspension test. Peppermint oil showed a time-dependent activity 3 h after incubation. The concentration required to inhibit 50% of HSV plaque formation was found to be 0.002% and 0.0008% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively (Schuhmacher et al. 2003; Kamatou et al. 2013). Isoborneol (Table 8.1), a monoterpene alcohol, was reported to inhibit HSV-1 replication significantly at 0.06% concentrations by interfering with the glycosylation of the viral polypeptides gB and gD. Interestingly, (+)-isoborneol isomer was found most effective against HSV-1, whereas other monoterpenoid alcohols such as borneol (an isomer with respect to the hydroxyl position to isoborneol) (Table 8.1) or eugenol, did not exhibit satisfactory results with inhibitory effects on viral glycosylation (Erdog˘an Orhan et al. 2012; Armaka et al. 1999).
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The essential oils of plants contain an abundance of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. The most common structural monoterpenes are derivatives of geraniol, the main constituent of geranium oil. Menthol is the chief component of peppermint oil. d-Limonene composes over 90% of lemon oil. α-Pinene is found in the oil of rosemary. Camphor is the main component of sage oil. Iridoids are interesting monoterpenes, which have been isolated from ants. Monoterpenes are used in flavor and perfume industries because of their attractive odors, high volatilities, and low molecular weights.78 Most of these are synthesized and usually trigger symptoms in individuals with chemical sensitivity. Several monoterpenes are found in turpentine. The rosin acids are diterpenes. Vitamin A is the best-known open-chain diterpene. The triterpenes that are obtainable from shark liver oil may be converted to cholesterol and many other steroids. The carotenoid pigments are the best-known tetraterpenes. The function of terpenes in plants, which has been previously described as being a protectant for heat and other organisms, is not always so clear. Terpenes sometimes possess toxic properties that link to the protection of the species. Animals do not eat some types of terpenes. The same protective properties appear to trigger and exacerbate symptoms in individuals with chemical sensitivity.
Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses and Fatigue
Published in Gerald Matthews, Paula A. Desmond, Catherine Neubauer, P.A. Hancock, The Handbook of Operator Fatigue, 2017
Smith and his colleagues6 found that sucking zinc gluconate lozenges and using a nasal spray containing nedocromil sodium removed the cold-induced performance impairment. It is likely that both forms of medication have multiple modes of action. For example, nedocromil sodium suppresses the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotriene C4 and prostaglandin D2. One way in which the two compounds could produce similar effects is through changes in afferent stimulation. URTIs influence the trigeminal nerve and compounds which increase afferent stimulation may produce changes in the brain stem. Indeed, the presence of menthol and similar compounds in cold medication is because they produce symptomatic relief by stimulating the trigeminal nerve. Recent research has shown that sucking a peppermint (Smith, in preparation, a) or chewing menthol gum (Smith & Boden, in press) increases alertness in those with a cold but does not remove the performance decrements.
Commercially available carbohydrate drink with menthol fails to improve thermal perception or cycling exercise capacity in males
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Tim Podlogar, Tina Bolčič, Simon Cirnski, Nina Verdel, Tadej Debevec
When applied to a mucosal surface, menthol causes a sensation of coolness – the knowledge of which has been recognized for centuries (Eccles, 1994). This is achieved by stimulating transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) capable of sensing both cold stimulus (8–28°C) and menthol (Patel, Ishiuji, & Yosipovitch, 2007; Peier et al., 2002) and is most abundant in the oral cavity (Stevens & Best, 2016). Rather than improving heat loss by vasodilation of the skin or improving sweat responses, menthol appears to stimulate cold receptors giving an apparent perception of coolness (McKemy, Neuhausser, & Julius, 2002; Peier et al., 2002). In line with this, a recent meta-analysis, albeit on a limited number of studies adopting different study protocols, showed that when menthol is applied into the oral cavity (i.e. mouth rinsing or ingestion) it can have a positive effect on both exercise performance and thermal sensation granting that the menthol concentration is at least 0.01% (Jeffries & Waldron, 2019).
L-menthol administration facilitates breathing comfort during exhaustive endurance running and improves running capacity in well-trained runners: A randomized crossover study
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Yoshiko Tsutsumi, Haruki Momma, Satoru Ebihara, Ryoichi Nagatomi
L-menthol is known to elicit a cooling sensation by stimulating the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) (McKemy et al., 2002; Peier et al., 2002). In studies under hot conditions, L-menthol administration improved endurance performance and capacity (Flood et al., 2017; Stevens et al., 2016; Mündel & Jones, 2010; Saldaris et al., 2020; Riera, Trong, Sinnapah, & Hue, 2014). Internal perceptual cooling interventions helped offset thermal perception, which enabled the improvement of endurance capacity following rinsing of the mouth with L-menthol solution in hot conditions (Stevens et al., 2016; Mündel & Jones, 2010). Furthermore, L-menthol administration reduced perceived dyspnea during moderate cycling under thermoneutral conditions (Kanezaki & Ebihara, 2017). These findings suggest that L-menthol administration may reduce breathing discomfort even during exhaustive exercise in thermoneutral conditions and contribute to improved endurance capacity. Since TRPM8 is more prevalent in the mucosa of the tongue, pharynx, and lingual surface of the epiglottis, (Alvarez-Berdugo et al., 2018) ingesting rather than mouth rinsing with L-menthol solution may elicit a stronger cooling sensation, resulting in the reduction of breathing discomfort or facilitation of breathing comfort (BC).
The antibacterial and aroma finishing of cotton fabrics by mentha pipertia extract
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Subrata Das, Arunava Das, R. Thamarai Selvan, S. Ananda Raj, Bindhu J
Peppermint oil and its constituents are commercially used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Menthol is used as a raw material in toothpaste, toothpowder, chewing tobacco, confectionary, mouth fresheners, analgesic balms, cough drops, perfumes, chewing gums, candies and tobacco industry. Tobacco industry constitutes about 40% of the total oil consumption followed by pharmaceutical and confectionary industries. The fresh or dried leaves are the culinary source of mint and are used in breath fresheners, drinks, antiseptic mouth rinses, toothpaste, chewing gum, mint chocolate teas, beverages, jellies, syrups, candies, ice creams and also used as a necessary ingredient in Touareg tea, a popular tea in the northern African and Arab countries. The substances that give the mints their characteristic aromas and flavors are menthol (African pharmacopoeia, 1985; Briggs, 1993; Hoffmann & Lunder, 1984). In Eastern and Western traditional medicine peppermint and its oil have been used as an antispasmodic, aromatic, antiseptic and also in the treatment of cancers, colds, cramps, indigestion, nausea, sore throat and toothaches (Briggs, 1993).