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Bioengineering Approach on Terpenoids Production
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
However, ectopic expression strategy also led to various unanticipated outcomes like a negative impact on plant growth and the oxidation and the glycosylation of primary terpenoid compounds due to the promiscuous nature of endogenous enzymes. To confront such metabolic issues, ectopic expression driven by tissue-specific promoters like the fruit-specific E8 promoter driven C. breweri linalool synthase gene in Solanum lycopersicum and geraniol synthase from Ocimum basilicum in the tomato fruit ripening-specific polygalacturonase promoter in tomato have given positive outcomes (Davidovich-Rikanati et al. 2007; Lewinsohn et al. 2001). Apart from monoterpene synthases, the manipulation of terpene-modifying enzymes has also been attempted to eliminate undesirable monoterpenoid components for qualitative enhancement and increase yields. A decrease in the expression of cytochrome P450 menthofuran synthase in peppermint dropped the levels of menthofuran, an undesirable monoterpenoid component of peppermint oil and of (+)-pulegone without changing the essential oil yield (Bertea et al. 2001). The overexpression of modifying enzymes like limonene-3-hydroxylase in transgenic peppermint led to higher accumulations of total essential oil (Aharoni et al. 2005).
An Overview on Neural Networks in Physical Properties and Drying Technology
Published in Alex Martynenko, Andreas Bück, Intelligent Control in Drying, 2018
Fábio Bentes Freire, Flavio B. Freire, Maria do Carmo Ferreira, José Teixeira Freire
Mint is an aromatic herb that contains essential oils of high economic value, widely used in food, flavor, fragrance, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The plants belonging to mint genus include many varieties; the most cultivated worldwide for essential oil production are the peppermint and the spearmint (Abbaszadeh et al., 2009). Owing to its pleasant and fresh flavor, mint plants also serve culinary purposes and are traditionally used in natural medicine for a variety of diseases (Andrews, 1996; Chawla and Thakur, 2013; Kunnumakkara et al., 2009). The commercial interest in mint plants comes from the two classes of secondary metabolites found in their essential oil, namely the monoterpenoids and the phenolic compounds. The secondary metabolites act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, antispasmodics, antiemetics, diaphoretics, and antiviral agents (Mimica-Dukic and Buzin, 2008). Menthol is the main monoterpene in mint essential oil, followed by menthone and their derivatives (e.g., acetyl menthol, isomenthone, pulegone). Other secondary metabolites are alkaloids, tannins, and steroids. The phenolic compounds include rosmarinic acids and flavonoids (Palmer, 2012; Sujana et al., 2013, Ullah et al., 2011). Detailed information on aspects of botany, ethnopharmacology, and uses of mint plants may be found elsewhere (Ferreira and Rosanova, 2015).
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
According to Gordon et al.,108 (R)-(+)-pulegone, the major monoterpene component of the abortifacient mint oil, pennyroyal oil, is metabolized by hepatic microsomal monooxygenases of the mouse to a hepatotoxin. The formation of a toxic metabolite is apparently mediated by cytochromes P-450 of the phenobarbital class inasmuch as phenobarbital pretreatment of mice increases, whereas β-naphthoflavone pretreatment decreases the extent of hepatic necrosis caused by pulegone. Furthermore, two inhibitors of cytochromes P-450, cobaltous chloride and piperonyl butoxide, block toxicity. An analog of (R)-(+)-pulegone that was labeled with deuterium in the allylic methyl groups was found to be significantly less hepatotoxic than the parent compound. The results indicate that oxidation of an allylic methyl group is required for generation of a hepatotoxic metabolite. Menthofuran was identified as a proximate toxic metabolite of (R)-(+)-pulegone, and investigations with (R)-(+)-pulegone-d6 and 18O2 strongly indicate that menthofuran is formed by a sequence of reactions that involve: (1) oxidation of an allylic methyl group, (2) intramolecular cyclization to form a hemiketal, and (3) dehydration to form the furan.
Effects of solar drying operation equipped with a finned and double-pass heat collector on energy utilization, essential oil extraction and bio-active compounds of peppermint (Mentha Piperita L.)
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Mohsen Mokhtarian, Ahmad Kalbasi-Ashtari, Hong-Wei Xiao
As Table 4 shows, 38 volatile components were identified in 99.5% of EOs obtained from dried peppermints of MI, MII, and MIII. Figure A2 in the Appendix shows the spectra of these volatile compounds. According to Table 4, iso-Menthol (34.58%) and Menthone (29.81%) were the two major compounds in EO of fresh peppermint, followed by 1,8-Cineole (5.93%), Menthofuran (4.49%), iso-Menthone (3.51%), Menthol (3.4%), cis-Sabinene hydrate (2.31%) and d-Limonene (1.81%). Our findings had an agreement with Barros et al.[60] report. They found that the most abundant compounds in the EO of fresh peppermint were limonene, iso-menthone, menthol, menthofuran, d-neoisomenthol, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), d-carvone, linalool, linalyl acetate, piperitenone oxide, and pulegone. Tables A4 and A5 in the Appendix show that the drying method had significant effects on the kinds and quantity of essential-oil components obtained from dehydrated peppermint. More clearly, the total components and important compounds (such as Cineole, Cis-Sabine, Menthone, and Iso-menthone) identified in the essential oil of MIII-product were significantly higher than those recovered from MI and MII-products. The summarized data in Table 3 confirm that chemical components of different EOs (obtained from MI, MII, and MIII-products) had good agreement with similar results reported (by different researchers) for the diverse cultivars and origins of peppermint. However, the kind of cultivar and place of the growing area of peppermint had positive effects on the level of each compound in EO of peppermint.
Heavy metals concentration, and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of the wild mint (Mentha longifolia L.) in the Egyptian watercourses
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Fatma A. Gharib, Khaled H. Mansour, Eman Z. Ahmed, Tarek M. Galal
The antioxidant activities of the four samples of the wild mint EOs during different seasons under pollution stress were higher than those of plants grown in unpolluted Nile. The difference in composition of the wild mint EO might result in their different antioxidant activity. In this respect, the most powerful scavenging compounds in the essential oil of the wild mint were monoterpene ketones (menthone and isomenthone) (Mimica-Dukić et al. 2003), while the high content of oxygenated monoterpene ketone (pulegone) contributed to the low free radical scavenging activity of the wild mint essential oil (Sarikurkcu et al. 2012). In agreement with this, in the present work, we detected that although pulegone is the major terpene of the essential oil of the wild mint in unpolluted Nile, it shows the lowest antioxidant activity. Moreover, the highest reducing power of the MEOs produced from autumn and summer seasons (polluted canals) which contain the highest percentage of menthone and isomenthone. In the present work, using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, IC50 values obtained for Egyptian wild mint essential oil (6.9–18.6 μg ml−1) are higher than Turkish wild mint EO of air-dried material (10,700 ± 5.01 μg mL−1) (Gulluce et al. 2007) and Serbian wild mint EO (0.659 ml ml−1) (Džamić et al. 2010). However, the present results are comparable with the results of Bosnia and Herzegovina EO of air-dried aerial parts of wild growing mint (10.50 μg ml−1) (Nikšić et al. 2012) and Stanisavljević et al. (2014) where, the highest antioxidant activity (5.8 ± 0.1 μLmL−1) of Serbian wild mint EO obtained from the herb dried in the natural way and the lowest (9.4 ± 3.9 μL mL−1) from the herb dried in the oven using DPPH assays. In the present study, the lowest radical scavenging activities (lower than that observed for the synthetic antioxidant of the positive control BHT) was recorded during spring in unpolluted Nile. Similarly, on using the DPPH radical scavenging method, the antioxidant activities of EO of wild mint, peppermint (M. piperita) and spearmint (M. spicata L.) were significantly lower than that of the studied synthetic antioxidants BHT and TBHQ, respectively (Gulluce et al. 2007; Gharib and da Silva 2012).