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Terpenoids Against Infectious Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sanhita Ghosh, Kamalika Roy, Chiranjib Pal
Menthol is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol, found as a major constituent in the essential oils of Mentha canadensis L. (cornmint) and M. × piperita L. (peppermint). The inhibitory capacity of M. piperita oil, which contains menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%) and isomenthone (5.9%) as the major constituents, was evaluated in vitro on RC-37 cells against HSV-1 and HSV-2 using a plaque reduction assay and viral suspension test. Peppermint oil showed a time-dependent activity 3 h after incubation. The concentration required to inhibit 50% of HSV plaque formation was found to be 0.002% and 0.0008% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively (Schuhmacher et al. 2003; Kamatou et al. 2013). Isoborneol (Table 8.1), a monoterpene alcohol, was reported to inhibit HSV-1 replication significantly at 0.06% concentrations by interfering with the glycosylation of the viral polypeptides gB and gD. Interestingly, (+)-isoborneol isomer was found most effective against HSV-1, whereas other monoterpenoid alcohols such as borneol (an isomer with respect to the hydroxyl position to isoborneol) (Table 8.1) or eugenol, did not exhibit satisfactory results with inhibitory effects on viral glycosylation (Erdog˘an Orhan et al. 2012; Armaka et al. 1999).
Breathomics and its Application for Disease Diagnosis: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
David J. Beale, Oliver A. H. Jones, Avinash V. Karpe, Ding Y. Oh, Iain R. White, Konstantinos A. Kouremenos, Enzo A. Palombo
NMR allows constitutional and configurational isomers to be distinguished but, while semi-preparative GC is an excellent technique for isolating small amounts of volatile compounds from mixtures such as breath, the recording of the NMR spectra of gases leaving a gas chromatograph, which contain only trace amounts of analytes imposes some sensitivity problems. Online coupling of GC with NMR has nevertheless been described for the analysis of volatile stereoisomers (Kühnle et al., 2008; Kühnle et al., 2010), caffeine (Kim et al., 2013), and menthol and menthone from peppermint oil (Park et al., 2012). Gas phase NMR is thus possible, although far too complex for regular use but further developments in this field are still highly desirable for breath analysis. Hyphenation of LC with NMR is also possible but is a more specialized technique, mainly used to perform isolation and structural determination in natural product chemistry (Dias and Urban, 2008; Urban and Dias, 2013) rather than for metabolomics studies.
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The essential oils of plants contain an abundance of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. The most common structural monoterpenes are derivatives of geraniol, the main constituent of geranium oil. Menthol is the chief component of peppermint oil. d-Limonene composes over 90% of lemon oil. α-Pinene is found in the oil of rosemary. Camphor is the main component of sage oil. Iridoids are interesting monoterpenes, which have been isolated from ants. Monoterpenes are used in flavor and perfume industries because of their attractive odors, high volatilities, and low molecular weights.78 Most of these are synthesized and usually trigger symptoms in individuals with chemical sensitivity. Several monoterpenes are found in turpentine. The rosin acids are diterpenes. Vitamin A is the best-known open-chain diterpene. The triterpenes that are obtainable from shark liver oil may be converted to cholesterol and many other steroids. The carotenoid pigments are the best-known tetraterpenes. The function of terpenes in plants, which has been previously described as being a protectant for heat and other organisms, is not always so clear. Terpenes sometimes possess toxic properties that link to the protection of the species. Animals do not eat some types of terpenes. The same protective properties appear to trigger and exacerbate symptoms in individuals with chemical sensitivity.
Biological control of Citrus brown spot pathogen, “Alternaria alternata” by different essential oils
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Taycir Grati Affes, Synda Chenenaoui, Hassen Zemni, Majdi Hammami, Sarra Bachkouel, Wissem Aidi Wannes, Bouzid Nasraoui, Moufida Saidani Tounsi, Salma Lasram
As can be seen in Table 1, fifty-five compounds were identified as comprising between 99.77%, 99.88% and 99.98% of laurel, peppermint, myrtle essential oils, respectively. The monoterpene hydrocarbons dominated in myrtle essential oil (62.06%) owing to the predominance of α-pinene (56.60%). Peppermint essential oil was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes having 98.09%. The major component of peppermint essential oil was menthol (55.51%), followed by menthone (23.01%) and 1,8-cineole (10.85%). The oxygenated monoterpenes also had an important presence in the essential oils of peppermint + myrtle (80.29%), peppermint + laurel (78.80%) and laurel (63.70%). The combined laurel and myrtle essential oil had an important presence of oxygenated monoterpenes (45.76%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (43.50%).1,8-Cineole was the main component of the essential oils from laurel (49.13%), laurel + myrtle (37.15%) and peppermint + laurel (29.13%). The combined peppermint and myrtle essential oil was characterized by the predominance of menthol (35.36%) and 1,8-cineole (20.60%). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (0.62–6.35%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (0.09–.59%) were detected with low proportions in these essential oil samples.
Antimicrobial multi-component lipid-based nanoemulsion of Eucalyptus globulus and Mentha piperita as natural preservative
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Faezeh Fathi, Samad N. Ebrahimi, Peyman Salehi, Atefeh Safari, Zeinab Shahsavari, Javad Hadian, Luís Carlos Matos, Rita C. Alves, Maria Beatriz Prior Pinto Oliveira
The chemical composition of the EOs extracted from E. globulus and M. piperita as well as the mixture of 70:30 was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS (Figure 1). The major chemical components of eucalyptus oil were: 1,8-cineole (56.6%), p-cymene (15.4%), α-pinene (11.7%), γ-terpinene (9.3%), Exo-isocitral (2.5%), α-terpineol (1.1%), and globulol (1.1%). Meanwhile, the major chemical components of peppermint contained menthol (34.6%), menthone (19.2%), iso-menthyl acetate (8.9%), 1,8-cineole (7.7%), p-cymene (5.7%), neo-menthol (5.2%), iso-menthone (3.6%), menthofuran (3.1%), and β-caryophyllene (2.8%). Twenty-five major compounds were found in the mixture of EOs (E. globulus: M. piperita) following the ratio of 70:30, Table 2. The main compounds observed were 1,8-cineole (40.5%), menthol (13.2%), p-cymene (9.5%), α-pinene (8.1%), menthone (6.8%), and γ-terpinene (6.3%) (Table 2; Figure 1). Our findings differed slightly from those described by Emamjomeh et al.[19] in terms of chemical compounds, with particular attention to 1,8-cineole (59.08%). Moreover, the current data is in accordance with Taherpour et al.[20] in terms of M. piperita, with slight differences and special attention to menthol (29.38%). The slight difference between the literature and the current experiment might be due to background genetic, region, and plant condition, which significantly affects the type and percentage of phytoconstituents.[21]
Process optimization of conventional steam distillation system for peppermint oil extraction
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Oil is extracted from peppermint (Mentha) plant using a conventional distillation process. High water holding capacity soil is required to cultivate peppermint plants. Peppermint plants are cultivated. Panida herbicide is used to reduce weed in the field. Mixture of Mentha power and urea fertilizer is used to grow fast peppermint plants and increase oil content. This crop is generally harvested in November in India. Peppermint leaves are collected after harvesting using farm machinery and transported from field to distillation unit by tractor and trolley. A digital weighing machine is used to weigh peppermint leaves. Peppermint plants are supplied with the help of conveyor in the distillation unit after weighing. Table 1 illustrates the parameters of the peppermint plant.