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Terpenoids Against Infectious Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sanhita Ghosh, Kamalika Roy, Chiranjib Pal
Menthol is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol, found as a major constituent in the essential oils of Mentha canadensis L. (cornmint) and M. × piperita L. (peppermint). The inhibitory capacity of M. piperita oil, which contains menthol (42.8%), menthone (14.6%) and isomenthone (5.9%) as the major constituents, was evaluated in vitro on RC-37 cells against HSV-1 and HSV-2 using a plaque reduction assay and viral suspension test. Peppermint oil showed a time-dependent activity 3 h after incubation. The concentration required to inhibit 50% of HSV plaque formation was found to be 0.002% and 0.0008% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively (Schuhmacher et al. 2003; Kamatou et al. 2013). Isoborneol (Table 8.1), a monoterpene alcohol, was reported to inhibit HSV-1 replication significantly at 0.06% concentrations by interfering with the glycosylation of the viral polypeptides gB and gD. Interestingly, (+)-isoborneol isomer was found most effective against HSV-1, whereas other monoterpenoid alcohols such as borneol (an isomer with respect to the hydroxyl position to isoborneol) (Table 8.1) or eugenol, did not exhibit satisfactory results with inhibitory effects on viral glycosylation (Erdog˘an Orhan et al. 2012; Armaka et al. 1999).
Breathomics and its Application for Disease Diagnosis: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
David J. Beale, Oliver A. H. Jones, Avinash V. Karpe, Ding Y. Oh, Iain R. White, Konstantinos A. Kouremenos, Enzo A. Palombo
NMR allows constitutional and configurational isomers to be distinguished but, while semi-preparative GC is an excellent technique for isolating small amounts of volatile compounds from mixtures such as breath, the recording of the NMR spectra of gases leaving a gas chromatograph, which contain only trace amounts of analytes imposes some sensitivity problems. Online coupling of GC with NMR has nevertheless been described for the analysis of volatile stereoisomers (Kühnle et al., 2008; Kühnle et al., 2010), caffeine (Kim et al., 2013), and menthol and menthone from peppermint oil (Park et al., 2012). Gas phase NMR is thus possible, although far too complex for regular use but further developments in this field are still highly desirable for breath analysis. Hyphenation of LC with NMR is also possible but is a more specialized technique, mainly used to perform isolation and structural determination in natural product chemistry (Dias and Urban, 2008; Urban and Dias, 2013) rather than for metabolomics studies.
An Overview on Neural Networks in Physical Properties and Drying Technology
Published in Alex Martynenko, Andreas Bück, Intelligent Control in Drying, 2018
Fábio Bentes Freire, Flavio B. Freire, Maria do Carmo Ferreira, José Teixeira Freire
Mint is an aromatic herb that contains essential oils of high economic value, widely used in food, flavor, fragrance, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The plants belonging to mint genus include many varieties; the most cultivated worldwide for essential oil production are the peppermint and the spearmint (Abbaszadeh et al., 2009). Owing to its pleasant and fresh flavor, mint plants also serve culinary purposes and are traditionally used in natural medicine for a variety of diseases (Andrews, 1996; Chawla and Thakur, 2013; Kunnumakkara et al., 2009). The commercial interest in mint plants comes from the two classes of secondary metabolites found in their essential oil, namely the monoterpenoids and the phenolic compounds. The secondary metabolites act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, antispasmodics, antiemetics, diaphoretics, and antiviral agents (Mimica-Dukic and Buzin, 2008). Menthol is the main monoterpene in mint essential oil, followed by menthone and their derivatives (e.g., acetyl menthol, isomenthone, pulegone). Other secondary metabolites are alkaloids, tannins, and steroids. The phenolic compounds include rosmarinic acids and flavonoids (Palmer, 2012; Sujana et al., 2013, Ullah et al., 2011). Detailed information on aspects of botany, ethnopharmacology, and uses of mint plants may be found elsewhere (Ferreira and Rosanova, 2015).
Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Felix Effah, Benjamin Taiwo, Deborah Baines, Alexis Bailey, Tim Marczylo
Flavors in e-liquids, as mentioned earlier, may contain pharmacologically active compounds (Clapp et al. 2019). Several investigators found that mint flavors contain menthol or menthone (Pereira et al. 2013), and candy flavors including vanillin and cinnamaldehyde (Krüsemann et al. 2019). Fruit flavors might contain 3-hexen-1-ol (apple) or methyl anthranilate (berry), and others (Tierney et al. 2016) (Table 1). Menthone is the ketone analog of menthol. Menthol (l-menthol) is a naturally-occurring agonist for the cold transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), which is functionally expressed in the airways (Sabnis et al. 2008). Due to the efficacy of menthol in inhibiting cigarette-induced cough via the TRPM8, it was added to tobacco as a ‘flavoring’ (Lin et al. 2018). Moreover, the masking of the harshness and irritancy of tobacco underpins the initiation of more intense and protracted smoking (Wickham 2020). This effect contributes to the inclusion of menthol in the EU TPD list of potentially harmful tobacco additives, yet there is a widespread use of menthol in e-liquids.