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Toxicity of Terpenoids in Human Health
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Ritobrata Goswami, Dijendra Nath Roy
Camphor, a traditional medicine that has its uses to assuage pain and itching, is another example of a monoterpenoid. Due to its multiple uses, not many of us are aware of the toxic potential of camphor. About 5 mL of 20% camphor oil can be potentially lethal (Narayan and Singh 2012). In one incident upon accidental ingestion of camphor, a 3-year-old girl demonstrated afebrile seizure (Narayan and Singh 2012). Camphor poisoning can lead to seizure when the body is exposed to the monoterpenoid via the gastrointestinal tract or airways or by dermal exposure (Khine et al. 2009). In children, even a small dose of camphor can be fatal (Matteucci 2005). If ingested at a dose of more than 50 mg/kg, camphor can cause neurotoxicity (Agarwal and Malhotra 2008). An incidence of accidental exposure of camphor by the dermal route resulted in status epilepticus in a 20-month-old girl (Emery and Corban 1999). The child recovered after she was treated with intravenous valium and phenobarbitone (Emery and Corban 1999). Based on the level and route of exposure, guidelines have been generated for best practice in the event of camphor-induced toxicity (Manoguerra et al. 2006).
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Camphor is a waxy, flammable, white or transparent solid with a strong aromatic odor.3 It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C10H16O. It is found in the wood of camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in Asia (particularly in Sumatra, Borneo, and Taiwan), and also of Dryobalanops aromatic, a giant of the Bornean forests. It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family, notably Ocotea usambarensis. Dried rosemary leaves (*Rosmarinus officinalis), in the mint family, contain up to 23% camphor. It can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine. It is used for its scent, as an ingredient in cooking (mainly in India), as an embalming fluid, for medicinal purposes, and in religious ceremonies. A major source of camphor in Asia is camphor basil, also made from pine terpene. This also occurs in the United States. Norcamphor is a camphor derivative with the three methyl groups replaced by hydrogen.
One-pot biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea plant extract/rosemary oil and investigation of their antibacterial activity
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Zohreh Tarassoli, Reza Najjar, Amir Amani
Chemical composition of the RO was analyzed by comparing their retention times and MS spectra with the reference library. The GC chromatogram of the RO is illustrated in the Figure 1 Twenty-nine compounds were identified, which are representing about 99.5% of the essential oil. The identified compounds are listed in Table 1. The five main components of RO with more than 5% abundance were eucalyptol (36.60%), camphor (14.01%), α-pinene (11.30%), borneol (7.39%) and β-pinene (6.11%). The minimum and maximum concentrations of main components in the extracted essential oil have been observed in essential oil of fresh and dried rosemary leaves, respectively. The main components and the range of their concentrations have been as α-pinene (32.34–47.49%), β-pinene (1.33–3.84%), camphor (7.70–14.66%), isoborneol (0.60–2.71%), eucalyptol (15.16–18.75%).[38] Eucalyptol (31.9%) of RO extracted with hydro-distillation, quantified as the main component by Boutekedjiret et al.[39]
Rosemary oil low energy nanoemulsion: optimization, µrheology, in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo characterization
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Nupur Vasdev, Mayank Handa, Prashant Kesharwani, Rahul Shukla
Rosemary oil belongs to the class of stimulating essential oils. As per the literature records, extract of rosemary has been declared effective and safe by European Union (EU) as a natural antioxidant for food preservation [9]. As per the pharmacological studies, rosemary oil exhibits anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, antithrombotic, improving cognitive deficits, antiulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, and antidiuretic properties [10,11]. Rosemary oil is reported to have properties of memory enhancement, cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease [12,13]. Various researchers and coworkers reported about the pharmacological effects of rosemary oil with concentration-dependent attenuation of neurodegenerative disorders. The randomized clinical studies were done on a selective group of participants. In this study, coadministration of rosemary oil with lemon oil in the morning followed by coadministration of orange and lemon oil in the evening was done. These studies suggest improvement in cognitive functions due to aromatherapy [14]. In another clinical study, 20 healthy volunteers were administered with 1,8-cineole obtained from rosemary oil and reported improvement in mood swings and cognitive functions. In a preclinical investigation, rats were exposed to a subchronic dose (200 mg/kg) of Rosmarinus officinalis, and improved memory functionalities in comparison to scopolamine-induced model were observed [15]. The main components of rosemary oil are camphor, α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, camphene, and borneol. Encapsulation of existing therapeutics along with natural oils provides an additional therapeutic potential and advantage over the conventional therapy. Some preclinical and clinical investigations provide a strong concept of proof about rosemary oil in enhancing the memory and cognitive functions [16–19].
Geographic analysis of the cultivation region of Ai pian derived from Blumea balsamifera through the determination of volatiles in the medicinal product and blood of treated mice by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2019
Xiaofen Li, Zhen Mou, Xiangpei Wang, Hongmei Wu, Feng Xu, Chaoxia Zhu, Ming Zhang
In this study, Ai-na-xiang was collected from different areas, relevant environmental information was recorded, and Ai pian was extracted and prepared from each sample under the same conditions. The results of GC-MS analysis indicate that there are other components in Ai pian in addition to the four known components, L-borneol, isoborneol, L-camphor, and α-pinene. The chemical composition and relative percentage of the common components differed in samples from various regions, which showed varying climatic conditions.