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Bioaugmentation in the Bioremediation of Petroleum Products
Published in Inamuddin, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Tariq Altalhi, Bioaugmentation Techniques and Applications in Remediation, 2022
Greeshma Odukkathil, Namasivayam Vasudevan
Earthworm-assisted bioremediation is another option for bioremediation of oily sludge. In such a case to enhance the bioremediation process and to increase the survivability and reproduction rate of earthworms, microbes are bioaugmented in the oily sludge (Chachina et al. 2015) and this will improve the process. Koolivand et al. (2020) proposed a treatment option for the removal of TPH using bioaugmented composting by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and vermicomposting by Eisenia fetida, individually and in combination with bacterial composting and vermi composting. A synergistic effect of the hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and earthworms in TPH removal was observed and a higher removal efficiency was observed. Generally, due to the high oil content in the sludge and also due to high organic content, bioremediation is usually carried out by adding amendments and essential nutrients before bioaugmenting the hydrocarbon-degrading microbes. The above studies also conclude that bioaugmentation of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in oily sludge for bioremediation will enhance the process.
Trace Organics
Published in Robert H. Kadlec, Treatment Marshes for Runoff and Polishing, 2019
There is considerable information on the use of treatment wetlands in the petroleum industry. Some of the general principles and available data have been summarized in a 1998 industry report (Knight et al., 1997, 1999). However, that compilation did not focus upon specific hydrocarbon classes, such as BTEX and its constituent components (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes). The alkanes are generally not considered as a separate class in environmental studies. The low molecular weight alkanes are extremely volatile, and with the exception of methane, do not appear in wetlands. Two other hydrocarbon designations of interest include Gasoline Range Organics (GRO) and Diesel Range Organics (DRO). There is some overlap and ambiguity in these designations. Typically, GRO consists of hydrocarbons with 6 to 9 carbon atoms, while DRO contains 10 to 40 carbon atoms (Chapple et al., 2002). Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) is a measure of the sum of paraffinic and aromatic constituents.
Petroleum: Hydrocarbon Contamination
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Svetlana Drozdova, Erwin Rosenberg
The term TPH is widely used, but it is rarely well defined. In essence, TPH is defined by the analytical method—in other words, estimates of TPH concentration often vary depending on the analytical method used to measure it. Thus, the ATSDR defines the TPH as a term used to describe a broad family of several hundred chemical compounds that originally come from crude oil. In this sense, TPH is really a mixture of chemicals. As per the TPHCWG, TPH, also called “hydrocarbon index,” refers sometimes to mineral oil, hydrocarbon oil, extractable hydrocarbon, oil, and grease. The TPHCWG also says that the TPH measurement is the total concentration of the hydrocarbons extracted and measured by a particular method, and it depends on the analytical method used for determination. According to the MA DEP, the TPH is also a loosely defined parameter, which can be quantified using a number of different analyses, and this parameter is an estimate of the total concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in a sample. Again, depending on the analytical method used to quantify TPH, the TPH concentration may represent the entire range of petroleum hydrocarbons from C9 to C36 or the sum of concentrations of a number of single compounds (for instance, BTEX) and groups of compounds (fractions, e.g., primarily aliphatics C9–C18, C19-C36, and aromatics C11–C20). Great improvements in the definition and analysis of TPH were finally introduced by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)[48] in 2000, when it published the standard method ISO 9377-2:2000[49] for the quality control of water in which a method for the determination of the hydrocarbon oil index within the C10–C40 range in waters by means of GC is specified. The definition of “hydrocarbon oil index by GC-FID” was introduced, which defines the fraction of compounds extractable with a hydrocarbon solvent, boiling point between 36°C and 69°C, not adsorbed on Florisil, and which may be chromatographed with retention times between those of n-decane (C10H22) and n-tetracontane (C40H82). (Substances complying with this definition are long-chain or branched aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, or alkyl -substituted aromatic hydrocarbons.)
Spectrochemical Analytical Follow up of Phytoremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soil
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2018
Manar Hassan, Mahmoud Abdelhamid, Olodia Aied Nassef, Mohamed Abdel Harith
Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) are commonly found in environmental contaminants as a consequence of the increasing human demand for a range of petrogenic products. Many petroleum products are used in modern communities and become of fundamental necessities to our lives (Sarkar et al., 2005). Considered as hazardous pollutants, TPH contain heavy metals, semi-metals, and various anions from organic material and rocks from formations and reservoirs. Many such compounds can bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate in the food chain (Huang et al., 2005). TPH represent a source of toxicity to humans, soil, plants, and soil microorganisms, and also pose a risk of groundwater contamination (Besalatpour et al., 2010).
Study on Amendment of Rapeseed Meal, Soybean Meal, and NPK Fertilizer as Biostimulants in Bioremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil by Autochthonous Microorganisms
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2023
Behrouz Soghandi, Fatemeh Salimi
Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, including small-chain hydrocarbons (C6-C10) like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, as well as long-chain hydrocarbons (C10–C40) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Wang et al. 2016). Once TPH enters marine, terrestrial, and atmospheric ecosystems, it poses severe adverse effects on humans, animals, and plants (Ejaz et al. 2021; Nwankwegu, Orji, and Onwosi 2016). TPH concentration is a commonly used parameter for evaluating the degree of pollution and managing environmental remediation (Hoang et al. 2021)
TPH and PAHs in an oil-rich metropolis in SW Iran: Implication for source apportionment and human health
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
Negar Ashjar, Behnam Keshavarzi, Farid Moore, Naghmeh Soltani, Peter S. Hooda, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi
Increased urbanization and industrialization, particularly in developing countries with industrial manufacturing are connected with multiple problems such as waste-disposal, high energy consumption, increasing road traffic and demand for land which have imposed immense pressure on urban areas (Han et al. 2021). So, deterioration in urban environment is an expected consequence (Ashraf et al. 2014; Xie et al. 2018) which causes many environmental issues including soil, water and air pollution (Yang et al. 2010). The contaminants of greatest concern in these environments are TPHs and PAHs due to their negative effects on flora and fauna (Kim et al. 2018; Lors et al. 2018). These pollutants comprise a cluster of chemical compounds which during the process of manufacturing and/or their use are released into the environment. Industrial discharges, some agricultural practices along with commercial and domestic activities, and improper waste disposal are commonly recognized as major pathways through which organic pollutants are introduced in the natural environment (Vane et al. 2017). TPH is a term used to describe any mixture of hydrocarbons, which is commonly used petroleum contamination assessments (Gielnik et al. 2020). TPHs are priority pollutants, because of their persistence and toxicity, and they are an important source of environmental pollution on a global scale which enter the environment by accidents, leaks, spills, or by-products of domestic, commercial and industrial activities (Patowary et al. 2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have also caught much attention in recent years due to their persistence in the environment and bioaccumulation through the food-chain (Kim et al. 2013). Human exposure to PAHs may occur through inhalation of dust in the air, dermal contact and ingestion pathways (Peng et al. 2011; Juhasz et al. 2016; Tong et al. 2018). Among the hundreds of PAHs, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has promulgated sixteen PAHs as significant contaminants, due to their mutagenic and toxic effects. These have been extensively studied in numerous environments such as soil, dust, natural waters and living organisms (e.g., Sarigiannis et al. 2015; Sun et al. 2016; Zheng et al. 2016; Idowu et al. 2020; Nováková et al. 2020; Peng et al. 2021).