China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Forecasting Lubricant Demand
Published in R. David Whitby, Lubricant Marketing, Selling, and Key Account Management, 2023
Steam reforming involves the production of significant amounts of carbon monoxide and some carbon dioxide. If these gases are captured and stored (carbon capture and storage, CCS), the hydrogen is called “blue hydrogen”, to distinguish it from electrolytic hydrogen which is now called “green hydrogen”. Although the number of facilities currently producing either blue hydrogen or green hydrogen is relatively small, many new projects are being developed.
Smart Materials for Electrochemical Water Oxidation
Published in Mohan Lal Kolhe, Kailash J. Karande, Sampat G. Deshmukh, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Materials for Energy Applications, 2023
Shital B. Kale, Dhanaji B. Malavekar, Chandrakant D. Lokhande
The answer to the question, ‘Is there any alternative to fossil fuels?’ is yes – hydrogen fuel (H2). Hydrogen is possibly the main carrier for the new wave of a renewable form of energy and has been termed as the hydrogen economy or more recently transitioning to a hydrogen society [3,4]. Hydrogen is zero-emission fuel burned with oxygen and it has high energy content than gasoline. Due to high energy output and carbon-free combustion, hydrogen is considered an ideal alternative to fossil fuels [5]. As pure hydrogen does not occur naturally, steam reforming, coal gasification and water electrolysis processes are used for hydrogen production. Steam reforming is the major contributing process in hydrogen production. Natural gas such as methane is mixed with water vapor under high pressure in a reformer vessel. The hydrogen is produced via a strongly endothermic reaction CH4+ 2H2O⇌CO2+ 4H2. To produce hydrogen from coal, coal gasification is used.
Recent Advancements in Biohydrogen Production: Thermochemical and Biological Conversion Routes
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash K. Sarangi, Biohydrogen, 2022
Meenakshi Rajput, Amandeep Brar, Vivekanand Vivekanand, Nidhi Pareek
Gasification employing solar energy as a heat source to generate hydrogen is termed solar gasification. Chen et al. (2010) reported a novel way of generating hydrogen from biomass by supercritical water gasification using solar energy (concentrated). The proof of concept for this novel system has been demonstrated by using glucose as model compounds and real biomass (i.e., wheat stalk and cornmeal) as feedstocks. The results showed high gasification efficiency with a 50% fraction of hydrogen. Steam reforming coupled with solar gasification has also proven to be an outstanding process for hydrogen production.
Economic analysis of hydrogen production from steam reforming process: A literature review
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2018
Environmental considerations and more demand for energy have been instigating the investigation for more affordable methods and renewable sources of energy production. In this context, steam-reforming process has been received more attention (Silveira et al. 2009). The interest in steam reforming process as an efficient method for hydrogen production has been greatly increasing, due to its efficiency during hydrogen production and low environmental problems compared to other techniques. The produced hydrogen by steam reforming can be used as a fuel for fuel cells or as an intermediate product for production of chemicals such as methanol. Hydrogen gas is a secondary form of energy that also can be produced from fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, and natural gas) or renewable materials (biomass, bio-gas, and solid wastes).
Numerical and experimental investigation of partial oxidation of methane in a porous media to achieve optimum hydrogen production
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Mohammad Reza Shahnazari, Mir Hedayat Moosavi, Ali Saberi
Hydrogen can be generated from solid or liquid forms of hydrocarbon fuels using partial oxidation, steam reforming, and auto-thermal reforming (Vielstich, Lamm, and Gasteiger 2004). One can also obtain hydrogen sulfide from water using methods like electrolysis and catalytic and non-catalytic decomposition (Kaloidas and Papayannakos 1987). Steam reforming is an endothermic process in which hydrocarbon fuels combine with steam at high temperature in the presence of a catalyst, and it has the highest hydrogen production efficiency. Partial oxidation is an exothermic process, which occurs when hydrocarbons react with a low ratio of oxygen and creates hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which are suitable to be used in high-temperature fuel cells. This process occurs in either the presence or absence of a catalyst (Al-Hamamre, Voss, and Trimis 2009). Auto-thermal reforming is a combination of steam reforming and partial oxidation (Lee et al. 2011). Compared with other methods, the partial oxidation technology has certain advantages; for instance, there is no need for an external heat source or any fluids like water, it has better dynamic response time, and finally both light and heavy hydrocarbons can be used as input feeds. Less sensitivity to the fuel and better response time make this process suitable to be used with different thermal loads (Mitchell 1996) (Cross 1999). The partial oxidation process can be carried out by using a catalyst or without it. When it is done in the presence of a catalyst, it has proper performance in terms of the burner’s efficiency, is completely sensitive to variation of input fuel, and there is a possibility of producing toxic gases (Pen˜a, Gómez, and Fierro 1996). Using partial oxidation without a catalyst has benefits over catalytic partial oxidation, such as reducing costs and having a burner with higher strength. Partial oxidation without using a catalyst is called thermal partial oxidation (TPOx), which is considered to be an important process in yielding hydrogen (Weinberg 1971).
Emissions reduction in an automotive compression ignition engine using hydrogen and exhaust gas recirculation
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Anilkumar Shere, K. A. Subramanian
Hydrogen could be a green fuel (emitting zero carbonaceous emissions) when it is produced from renewable energy sources. Hydrogen from biomass feedstock through gasification is one of the main production pathways. Gnanapragasam and Rosen (2017) reported that half of all the hydrogen is currently produced from non-renewable energy sources such as oil, natural gas, and coal, and only 4% hydrogen is produced from water using electricity, and 1% hydrogen is produced from biomass. Recently, Pal, Singh, and Bhatnagar (2022) predicted how different sources would contribute to hydrogen production in 2050. Electrolysis and biomass gasification will produce 22% and 8% of hydrogen, respectively, while non-renewable energy sources will provide the rest. The various feedstocks for biomass energy sources include wood and its waste by-products, agriculture crops residues, organic municipal solid waste, forest crops and residues, industrial waste, sewage, animal waste, food waste, waste from aquatic plants, and algae. The layout for hydrogen production from biomass is shown in Figure 3. Biomass gasification is a technology that uses a controlled amount of heat, oxygen, and steam to convert organic or fossil-based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide at high temperatures (>750°C) without combustion. The carbon monoxide then reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen through a water-gas shift reaction. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is used to separate and purify the hydrogen under high pressure from various hydrogen-rich streams. This process emits ultra-low carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Pyrolysis is the process of decomposing biomass in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the formation of other hydrocarbon compounds in the gas mixture. As a result, a catalytic steam reforming process is used to reform hydrocarbons with a catalyst in order to produce a clean syngas mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Then, the hydrogen can be processed using the water-gas shift reaction and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes and could be used as a fuel in different sectors such as the building sector (residential & commercial), transportation sector (internal combustion engines and fuel cells), Industrial sector (power generation and chemical processing), and power generation sector (in-house power generation and co-generation). The important chemical reactions involved in the hydrogen production through gasification process are given in Equations (16)–(17).