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Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Energy from Waste, 2022
Mohamed Aboughaly, Hossam A. Gabbar
The most common and economical chemical processes used for hydrogen production are steam reforming processes using natural gas, methane-steam cracking, and coal gasification which is widely used in petroleum refineries and chemical plants to generate hydrogen for chemical reactions [20]. Alternative methods for hydrogen production are steam-methane reforming, biowaste gasification, and water electrolysis. In chemical plants, hydrogen gas is required in catalytic cracking chemical reactions for conversion of heavy petroleum fractions to lighter ones using hydrocracking and other processes such as hydrodesulfurization and ammonia production [17]. Hydrogen gas is an important reactant in the chemical industry and is used in several chemical reactions in ammonia chemical plants, refining, and methanol production units as shown in Figure 14.1.
Socio-Economic and Techno-Economic Aspects of Biomethane and Biohydrogen
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash K. Sarangi, Biomethane, 2022
Ranjita Swain, Rudra Narayan, Biswa R. Patra
Among all the alternative energy sources, biohydrogen is considered as one of the promising alternative energy for the future. Biohydrogen is the cleanest fuel with zero carbon footprint and viable fuel for automobiles and electricity generation via fuel cells. Hydrogen is also a highly used feedstock in many industries like petroleum refinery, chemical, food, and steel (Nanda et al., 2017). The primary sources for hydrogen production are natural gas, coal, oil, which share a major portion, while other sources for hydrogen production include biomass feedstock. Hydrogen is economically more favorable for production from fossil fuels but lacking in the technical aspect for production from biomass (Kumar and Shukla, 2016; Li, 2017; Kraussler, 2018; Salman, 2019). The current nonrenewable resources used for hydrogen production through reforming are industrially viable but pose environmental threats through the emissions of greenhouse gas (Singh et al., 2018). The rapid increase in global demand for hydrogen is evident that in mitigating emissions issues, hydrogen plays a distinct role. According to International Renewable Energy Agency’s (IRENA) renewable energy roadmap, the total share of final global energy consumption will reach 6% by the year 2050 (IRENA 2019).
Hybrid Energy Systems for O&G Industries
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Energy Systems, 2021
Hydrogen can be produced with very low emissions from a diverse selection of renewable pathways including by electrolysis from electricity generated by wind and solar technologies, the processing of biogas resources, and via direct solar water splitting in a process called artificial photosynthesis [175]. Although not renewable, hydrogen could also be produced from additional low-carbon pathways including cogeneration of electricity and hydrogen via high-temperature nuclear reactors and fossil pathways with the inclusion of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), e.g., coal gasification and SMR of natural gas [176]. Even the most common current method for producing hydrogen, SMR of natural gas, provides a relatively low GHG and AQ emissions pathway to produce a fuel that has no GHG and no AQ emissions in its end-use in a fuel cell, for example [177]. While current hydrogen production methods generally rely upon fossil pathways, progressive shifts toward renewable and other low-carbon strategies can allow for the production of hydrogen in increasingly sustainable methods.
Application of updraft biomass gasifier for non-ferrous metal smelting
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Jianwei Wang, Ning Liu, Xing Wang, Yanbing Gao, Guangjie Wang, Longzhi Li
In recent years, global carbon emissions continue to rise with the large-scale use of fossil fuels, which increases the trend of global warming. Serious atmospheric fog-haze pollution is the result of large-scale exploitation and utilization of fossil fuels in China. Massive atmospheric fog-haze pollution not only affects the traffic but also threats human health (Rao et al. 2015). Therefore, vigorously promoting clean and renewable energy has become a main way to solve the environmental problems in China (Zhang and Zhang 2016). Biomass energy has many advantages as a kind of renewable energy, such as multifunction, renewability, low environmental impact, and carbon neutrality. It is widely used in the fields of fuel and chemical processing (Asadullah 2014; Sriroth et al. 2015; Xiu and Shahbazi 2015). Biomass gasification technology converts the combustible components of biomass into syngas (CO, H2, CH4, etc.), greatly expanding the use of biomass energy, so that it can be applied in the fields of industrial heating, combined heat and power, hydrogen production and so on (Mikulandrić et al. 2016).
Enhanced biohydrogen production from leather fleshing waste co-digested with tannery treatment plant sludge using anaerobic hydrogenic batch reactor
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
Salma Aathika A. R, D. Kubendran, M. Yuvarani, D. Thiruselvi, T. Amudha, P. Karthik, S. Sivanesan
The experiment demonstrated good compatibility between the leather fleshing waste and the secondary tannery treatment plant sludge with significant differences in the compositions of the wastes and bioprocess evaluation parameters. From the results obtained, it was observed that inoculum obtained from the secondary tannery treatment plant sludge presented stable H2 production, while the inocula obtained from primary CETP sludge and secondary anaerobic STP sludge presented a lower fermentation performance. The data obtained proved to be valuable for optimizing and predicting values for hydrogen potential. The optimum waste mixing ratio was found to be in R6 as it had the highest cumulative hydrogen yield of 323 mL at 92.3% VSr efficiency at a pH of 5.5 and 37°C, and the yield/(g) LF obtained was 1.6 mL g−1 VS with 38% hydrogen content. Although this study has certain positive features such as low energy demand and easy operation, the major hindrance in utilizing this promising energy carrier lies in its sustainable production and storage. Enhancing the hydrogen production efficiency is thus a major challenge that has to be met. Also, tannery wastes with high content in proteins and fats, undergo biotransformation that is comparatively lower than those obtained from carbohydrate based wastes, however, it can still be a good option to dispose these noxious wastes safely.
A comprehensive review on techno-environmental analysis of state-of-the-art production and storage of hydrogen energy: challenges and way forward
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Md Rasel Ahmed, Tirtha Barua, Barun K. Das
Various ways of production of hydrogen, storages, transportation, and using are accessible in many research, but to fully comprehend its difficulties, a full comprehensive literature study is needed. In order to determine which generation technique is the most advantageous both technologically and economically, this study offers a complete review of the available options. This review provides an overview of producing methods of hydrogen that begins with presently available resources. The production methods of hydrogen are steam methane reforming (SMR), solid-oxide electrolysis (SOE), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME), hydrogen production by water electrolysis, alkaline water electrolysis, pyrolysis, partial oxidation, biomass gasification, gasification and auto-thermal reforming, and thermochemical. The technological advancement of hydrogen production is also shown with the LCOH calculations. This study also emphasizes specific methods for storing hydrogen, such as underground hydrogen storage and methods based on physical or material properties. This article also discusses the transporting of the hydrogen approach, including the transportation of pipelines, liquid trucks, and tube trailers. This study also discusses the risks and difficulties of using hydrogen. The main obstacles to amalgamate the renewable energy into the electricity system (power grid) must also be included in this study. This study review also explores a valuable and thorough source for research, scientific development, and investigated the areas of hydrogen generation, storage, and transportation while leveraging both conventional and renewable energy resources and overcoming industrialization barriers.