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Flow of Fluids in Food Processing
Published in Susanta Kumar Das, Madhusweta Das, Fundamentals and Operations in Food Process Engineering, 2019
Susanta Kumar Das, Madhusweta Das
Fans and blowers are used in many operations in food processing, such as drying, fluidization, cleaning, air classification, humidification, fermentation, freezing and cold storage, and in all operations that involve convective heat and mass transfers. These devices are used to move air or gas at the low-pressure drop. Energy balance equation (Bernoulli equation) for the incompressible fluid can be applied. Most of these fans and blowers work on fluid with centrifugal force using forward and backward curved blades. The operating efficiency of centrifugal fans varies between 40% and 70%. The operating pressure is expressed as milli-bar (mbar) or inches of water gauge. It is the sum of velocity head and static pressure of fluid leaving the blower.
Processing Principles
Published in Arthur J. Kidnay, William R. Parrish, Daniel G. McCartney, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2019
Arthur J. Kidnay, William R. Parrish, Daniel G. McCartney
The book uses dual units in the text, examples, and graphs whenever possible (USES first followed by SI in parentheses) but there are cases where it will be necessary to make individual conversions. Appendix B.12 provides a set of unit conversions that should be adequate for most situations. For example, the SI unit of pressure is the pascal (commonly kPa or MPa), but both bar and kg/cm2 are frequently used.
Accelerator Subsystems
Published in Volker Ziemann, ®, 2019
In the framework of the international system of units the fundamental unit of pressure is the Pascal, defined by 1Pa=1N/m2. Historically, also bar and torr were used as a unit of pressure, where one bar equals 105Pa and 1 torr=133 Pa. A third commonly used unit is based on the ambient pressure at sea level, which is approximately 1 bar or 1000 mbar, which equals 105Pa. The mbar is commonly used when discussing technical vacuum systems, such as those found in particle accelerators. Pressure ranges that occur in a technical context are rough vacuum in the range of 1000 to 1 mbar, medium vacuum in the range of 1 to 10−3mbar, high vacuum in the range of 10−3 to 10−7mbar, and ultra-high vacuum (UHV) in the range below 10−7mbar, the pressure range almost always found in beam pipes of accelerators.
Four Years of Tritium Operation of the KATRIN Experiment at TLK
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2023
David Hillesheimer, Alexander Marsteller, Florian Priester, Marco Röllig, Michael Sturm, Stefan Welte, Johanna Wydra, Lutz Bornschein, Tobias Falke, Tobias Weber, Nancy Tuchscherer, Thanh-Long Le, Simon Niemes
To enclose the pumping volume between the spirals, a cover is mounted on the orbiting scroll, as shown in Fig. 5. This cover shows a dent with surrounding temper colors that match the position of similar damage found at the static scroll. Most likely, the initial crash derailed the orbit of the movement to an extent such that these two components collided. After reassembly, the pump rotated freely. The reassembled pump achieved a pressure difference of 100 mbar with a total pressure of 200 mbar at the outlet. This performance was not sufficient. It is currently unknown whether the performance loss was because of an internal leak or the spacing of the spirals. It is also not known whether the spirals were set to one another in a force-fitting or in a form-fitting manner. The latter would mean that the examined pump cannot be restored since parts were probably plastically deformed.
Dependency of hydrogel membrane pores on membrane pressure and concentration: Numerical and experimental investigations
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Eric Langner, Denise Gruner, Ramona Mehling, Franziska Obst, Adrian Ehrenhofer, Stefan Grünzner, Günter K. Auernhammer, Stefan Michel, Andreas Richter, Thomas Wallmersperger
The inlet was supplied with pressure by a pressure flow pump (Elveflow AF-1, France). Depending on the measurement setup, the outlets were both open and set to ambient pressure (t-mode; flow over and through the membrane) or the outlet in the upper layer was closed (n-mode; flow through membrane), see Figure 4. Distilled water with different amounts of ethanol was used as fluid. The flow rate at both outlets was measured with flow sensors covering a flow range from 0 µL min–1 to 1000 µL min–1 (SLI-1000, Sensirion AG, Switzerland). For the characterization of the hydrogel membrane, the ethanol concentration and the pressure were varied. The exposed ethanol concentration of the membrane was varied in a range from 16.5% (v/v) to 18% (v/v) in 0.5% (v/v) steps. The inlet pressure was set to 10 mbar, 25 mbar, 50 mbar and 75 mbar. Before the measurements, the hydrogel membrane was equilibrated to the ethanol containing fluid for one hour. Then, the appropriate pressures indicated above were applied to the inlet and the flow was recorded until an almost constant value was reached at both outlets. A microscopic image of the hydrogel pore was taken to determine the change in pore dimension (circumference, area, opening diameter). The microscopic images were analyzed using ImageJ.
Predicting the tensile stiffness and strength properties of plain woven carbon fiber/epoxy laminates: a practical analytical approach and experimental validations
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Çağrı Uzay, Ahmet Çetin, Necdet Geren, Melih Bayramoğlu, Naki Tütüncü
While the manufacturing techniques of MT1, MT2, MT3, and MT5 were applied with an open molding process, the MT4 was applied with a close molding process. The mold surfaces were chemically treated with a mold release. In MT1, each fabric layer was manually resin impregnated with a roll tool called hand lay-up. In MT2 and MT5, after the resin impregnation, a perforated release film and vacuum breather were placed over the stacking laminate, respectively. Then the stacking system was enclosed with a vacuum bag using sealing tape. While the vacuum pressure was 0.2 mbar in MT2, it was 0.01 mbar in MT5. Dry fabrics were stacked in MT3, and a resin distribution film, a release film, a vacuum breather, and a vacuum bag were placed over the fabrics. The resin movement was achieved with the vacuum pressure of 0.1 mbar. While the laminate produced with MT1 was cured at ambient conditions, the laminates produced with MT2, MT3, and MT5 were cured at room temperature under a vacuum atmosphere. In the case of applying compression molding (MT4), the resin-impregnated fabrics were enclosed inside two matching mold parts using screw clamps. The curing processes for all the manufacturing techniques were carried out for 24 hours.