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Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Published in Muhammad Asif, Handbook of Energy Transitions, 2023
Saeed-ur-Rehman, Hafiz Ahmad Ishfaq, Zubair Masaud, Muhammad Haseeb Hassan, Hafiz Ali Muhammad, Muhammad Zubair Khan
Electrolysis is one of the most capable processes for producing hydrogen because it uses renewable water as a reactant and produces hydrogen along with pure industrial-grade oxygen as a byproduct. Electrolysis is currently being used for producing pure hydrogen for electronics, pharmaceutical, food, and other industries and it is regarded as the potential method to produce hydrogen fuel. Electrolysis exploits the fact that a water molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen, bonded with an atom of oxygen. Hence, by providing external energy in the form of electrical current, the water molecule splits into its constituent elements releasing hydrogen and oxygen. The primary advantage of using electrolysis is that it is a clean and green process that produces hydrogen without the evolution of any harmful gases, which may hinder the balance of the environment. Various electrolysis methods based on the difference in operating conditions, or the ionic agent are alkaline water electrolysis cell (AEC), polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cell (PEMEC), and high-temperature electrolysis using solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) or proton-conducting electrolysis cell (PCEC).
PIM Suppression Technology for Microwave Components
Published in Wanzhao Cui, Jun Li, Wei Huan, Xiang Chen, Passive Intermodulation, 2022
Tiancun Hu, He Bai, Qi Wang, Lu Tian
Poor plating uniformity is one of the main problems in the current plating process. The distribution of current or current density on the surface of the plated part directly affects the uniformity of the thickness of the plating on the surface of the part. According to Faraday’s first law, the mass of precipitated (or dissolved) material on the electrode during electrolysis is proportional to the amount of electricity passed.
MEMS Devices and Thin Film-Based Sensor Applications
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Parvej Ahmad Alvi, Umashankar Subramaniam, Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits and Materials, 2021
Ashish Tiwary, Shasanka Sekhar Rout
Figure 15.11 illustrates the typical electrodeposition process in which a current source in the form of a battery or any low-voltage dc source is used to provide a necessary electric current. The counter electrode and the wafer are immersed in the electrolyte solution connected to the two ends of the DC voltage source [15]. The wafer to be coated with metallic layer is connected to the negative terminal of the power source through an electrical connector and becomes a negative electrode (cathode). The counter electrode behaves as a positive electrode (anode), which is connected to the positive terminal of the power source, thus completing the entire electric circuit arrangements. When the direct current is supplied to the electrolyte, a chemical reaction occurred at the electrode terminals placed at some distance. The anode terminal releases metal ions and the ions are transferred to the wafer (cathode) end. The chemical substance carries the ions from one electrode to another depending upon their polarities. The transportation of charged particles will continue as long as supply exists. Faraday’s law of electrolysis states that the amount of electricity used is directly proportional to the material deposited on the electrode. Thus, the wafer will have a very thin metallic deposition until the process ends.
Plasma synthesis of ammonia by asymmetric electrode arrangement
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
F. Baharlounezhad, M.A. Mohammadi, M.S. Zakerhamidi
Electrolysis is the process of passing an electric current through the material to cause a chemical change. This process takes place in an electrolytic cell, a reactor consisting of cathode and anode electrodes immersed in a solution containing positive and negative charged ions. An electrolytic cell, also known as an electrolysis reactor, converts electrical energy into chemical energy. Metal conductors are used as electrodes in electrolysis reactors. Electrodes are responsible for the transmission of electrons in certain circumstances and are also engaged in electrolysis processes in others. The cathode is the electrode that sends electrons to the anode across the electrolyte environment, and the anode is the electrode that receives electrons from the cathode. Electrolysis is widely used in metallurgical engineering [42,43] like electrowinning,[44,45] electrorefining,[46–48] and electroplating.[49,50] The electrodes of an electrochemical system with asymmetric electrode configurations might differ in form, size, material, and design from one another.
Parametric analysis of water electrolysis by dual electrolytes and cells
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2019
Ming-Yuan Lin, Lih-Wu Hourng, Kai-Lin Chiou
When the electrodes are placed in an electrolytic cell and the electric current is conducted through the electrolyte solution, cations will move toward the cathode, while anions move to the anode. A chemical reaction is thus completed, and this phenomenon is called electrolysis.